New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
Λήμματα, συγγραφείς και βιβλιογραφία απο το διεθνές έγκυρο μουσικολογικό λεξικό New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians II (London: Macmillan, 2001) .
Tragōidia
Bibliography
A.W. Pickard-Cambridge: Dithyramb, Tragedy and Comedy (Oxford, 1927, rev. 2/1962 by T.B.L. Webster)
A.W. Pickard-Cambridge: The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens (Oxford, 1946)
A.W. Pickard-Cambridge: The Dramatic Festivals of Athens (Oxford, 1953, rev. 2/1968 by J. Gould and D.M. Lewis)
W.C. Scott: Musical Design in Aeschylean Theater (Hanover, NH, 1984)
J. Herington: Poetry into Drama: Early Tragedy and the Greek Poetic Tradition (Berkeley, 1985)
J.J. Winkler and F.I. Zeitlin: Nothing to Do with Dionysos? Athenian Drama in its Social Context (Princeton, NJ, 1990)
Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis: Nottingham 1990, ed. A.H. Somerstein and others (Bari, 1993)
E. Csapo and W.J. Slater: The Context of Ancient Drama (Ann Arbor, MI, 1995)
W.C. Scott: Musical Design in Sophoclean Theater (Hanover, NH, 1996)
Denise Davidson Greaves
~~~~~~
Tonos
(Gk., pl tonoi; Lat. tonus).
Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~
Thrēnos
(Gk.: ‘lamentation’).
H.W. Smyth: Greek Melic Poets (London, 1904/R), p.cxx
E. Diehl: ‘Kommoi’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, xi (Stuttgart, 1921), 1195–1207
J. Quasten: Musik und Gesang in den Kulten der heidnischen Antike und christlichen Frühzeit (Münster, 1930, 2/1973; Eng. trans., 1983), 195–211
C.M. Bowra: Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides (Oxford, 1936, 2/1961)
P. Maas: ‘Thrēnos’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, 2nd ser., vi (Stuttgart, 1937), 596–608
E. Reiner: Die rituelle Totenklage der Griechen (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1938)
A. Pickard-Cambridge: The Dramatic Festivals of Athens (Oxford, 1953, rev. 2/1968 by J. Gould and D.M. Lewis)
R. Browning: ‘A Byzantine Treatise on Tragedy’, Geras: Studies Presented to George Thomson on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday, ed. L. Varcl and R.F. Willetts (Prague, 1963), 67–81
M. Alexiou: The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition (London, 1974)
Geoffrey Chew/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tetrachord
(from Gk. tetra: ‘four’; chordē: ‘lyre string’).
~~~~~
Testudo
(Lat.: ‘tortoise’).
Ian Harwood
~~~~~~
Syrinx
(Gk. surinx).
SachsH
M. Wegner: Griechenland, Musikgeschichte in Bildern, ii/4 (Leipzig, 1963, 2/1970)
G. Fleischhauer: Etrurien und Rom, Musikgeschichte in Bildern, ii/5 (Leipzig, 1964, 2/1978)
H. Becker: ‘Syrinx bei Aristoxenos’, Musa – mens – musici: im Gedenken an Walther Vetter, ed. H. Wegener (Leipzig, 1969), 23–6
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 222–5
James W. McKinnon
~~~~~~~
Symposium [comissatio]
A. Mau: ‘Comissatio’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, iv (Stuttgart, 1901), 610–13
A. Hug: ‘Symposion’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, 2nd ser., iv (Stuttgart, 1932), 1266–70
Geoffrey Chew/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~~
Skolion
(Gk.; Lat. scolium).
R. Reitzenstein: Epigramm und Skolion (Giessen, 1893)
W. Aly: ‘Skolion’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, 2nd ser., iii (Stuttgart, 1894), 558–66
E. Pöhlmann: ‘Parōidia’, Glotta, l (1972), 144–56
M. van der Valk: ‘On the Composition of the Attic Scolia’, Hermes, cii (1974), 1–20
A.J. Neubecker: Altgriechische Musik (Darmstadt, 1977), 57–9
D.A. Campbell, ed. and trans.: Greek Lyric, v (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1993), 270–303
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 141–51
Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sistrum [crepitaculum, platagē]
(Lat., from Gk. seistron: ‘that which is shaken’; Fr. sistre; It., Sp. sistro).
SachsH
H. Hickmann : Catalogue générale des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire (Cairo, 1949)
H. Hickmann : ‘Eine Sonderform des griechischen Sistrums’, Musa – mens – musici: im Gedenken an Walther Vetter, ed. H. Wegener (Leipzig, 1969), 27–8
R.D. Anderson : Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum, iii (London, 1976)
C. Ziegler : Les instruments de musique égyptiens au Musée du Louvre (Paris, 1979)
T.J. Mathiesen : Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 172–3
James W. McKinnon, Robert Anderson
~~~~~
Sirens
(Gk. seirēnes; Lat. sirenes, sirenae).
A. Nauck, ed.: Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta (Leipzig, 1856, 2/1899/R1964 with suppl. by B. Snell)
J.R.T. Pollard: ‘Muses and Sirens’, Classical Review, lxvi, new ser., ii (1952), 60–66
K. Marót: ‘Musen, Sirenen und Chariten’, Filológiai közlöny, iv (1958), 657–62
B. and A. Boehm: ‘Musik im Mythos der Griechen’, Antaios, i (1959), 246–56
R. Hammerstein: Die Musik der Engel: Untersuchungen zur Musikanschauung des Mittelalters (Berne and Munich, 1962), 81ff
H. Koller: Musik und Dichtung im alten Griechenland (Berne, 1963)
G.J. de Vries: De zang der Sirenen (Groningen, 1969)
G.K. Gresseth: ‘The Homeric Sirens’, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, ci (1970), 203–18
R. Hammerstein: Diabolus in musica: Studien zur Ikonographie der Musik im Mittelalter (Berne and Munich, 1974), 82ff
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~~
Sambuca (i)
(Lat.; Gk. sambukē).
SachsH
J.G. Landels: ‘Ship-Shape and Sambuca-Fashion’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, lxxxvi (1966), 69–77
M.L. West: Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992), 75–7
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 275–80
James W. McKinnon
~~~~~~~
Rhoptron
(Gk).
An ancient Greek battle drum. See Greece, §I, 5(i)(f).
~~~~
Rhombos
(Gk.).
An ancient Greek term applied to the Bullroarer; also a synonym for the rhoptron (battle drum). See Greece, §I, 5(i)(e) and (f).
~~~~~~~~~
Pythian Games
P.J. Meier: ‘Agones’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, 1st ser., i (Stuttgart, 1894), 836–67
L. Deubner: Attische Feste (Berlin, 1932/R, rev. 2/1966 by B. Doer)
W. Burkert: Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart, 1977; Eng. trans., 1985)
Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~
Pythagorean intonation
Boethius: De institutione musica (Venice, 1491–2); Eng. trans. C.M. Bowen in C.V. Palisca, ed.: Boethius: Fundamentals of Music (New Haven, CT, 1989)
C.E. Naumann: Über die verschiedenen Bestimmungen der Tonverhältnisse und die Bedeutung des pythagoreischen oder reinen Quinten-Systems für unsere heutige Musik (Leipzig, 1858)
J.M. Barbour: ‘The Persistence of the Pythagorean Tuning System’, Scripta mathematica, i (1932–3), 286
H. Stephani: Zur Psychologie des musikalischen Hörens (Regensburg, 1956)
M. Kolinski: ‘A New Equi-Distant 12-Tone Temperament’, JAMS, xii (1959), 210–14
C.V. Palisca: Girolamo Mei: Letters on Ancient and Modern Music (Rome, 1960)
F.R. Levin: The Harmonics of Nicomachus and the Pythagorean Tradition (Philadelphia, 1975)
B. Münxelhaus: Pythagoras musicus (Bonn, 1976)
E.C. Pepe: ‘Pythagorean Tuning and its Implications for the Music of the Middle Ages’, The Courant, i/2 (1983), 3–16
For further bibliography see Temperaments and Just intonation.
Mark Lindley
Lalage Cochrane
F. R. Levin , The Harmonics of Nichomachus and the Pythagorean Tradition (Philadelphia, 1975)
~~~~~~
Pyrrhic
(from Gk. purrichios, purrichē)
F.A. Wright: ‘The Technical Vocabulary of Dance and Song’, Classical Review, xxx (1916), 9–10
R.J. Moffatt: The Dance in the Life of the Early Greeks (diss., George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, TN, 1932)
T.G. Georgiades: Der griechische Rhythmus: Musik, Reigen, Vers und Sprache (Hamburg, 1949; Eng. trans., 1956/R, as Greek Music, Verse and Dance)
L. Lawler: Dance in Ancient Greece (Middletown, CT, 1964), 106–8
G. Prudhommeau: La danse grecque antique (Paris, 1965)
J.W. Fitton: ‘Greek Dance’, Classical Quarterly, new ser., xxiii (1973), 254–74
A.J. Neubecker: Altgriechische Musik (Darmstadt, 1977), 91–2
Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~
Phorminx
B. Aign: Die Geschichte der Musikinstrumente des Ägäischen Raumes bis um 700 vor Christus (Frankfurt, 1963)
M. Wegner: Greichenland, Musikgeschichte in Bildern, ii/4 (Leipzig, 1963, 2/1970)
M. Wegner: ‘Musik und Tanz’, Archaeologia Homerica, iii (1968), 3–18
M. Maas: ‘The Phorminx in Classical Greece’, JAMS, ii (1976), 34–55
M. Maas and J.M. Snyder: Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece (New Haven, CT, 1989)
Martha Maas
~~~~~~~
Phorbeia
(Gk., also phorbea, phorbaia; Lat. capistrum).
A.A. Howard : ‘The Aulos or Tibia’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, iv (1893), 29–30
C. Sachs : The History of Musical Instruments (New York, 1940), 138–9
H. Becker : Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der antiken und mittelalterlichen Rohrblattinstrumente (Hamburg, 1966), 120–29
D. Paquette : L'instrument de musique dans la céramique de la Grèce antique: études d'organologie (Paris, 1984)
A. Bélis : ‘La phorbéia’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, cx (1986), 205–18
T.J. Mathiesen : Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 218–22
Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Philosophy of music, §II: Historical survey, antiquity-1750
II. Historical survey, antiquity–1750
1. Hellenic and Hellenistic thought.
F.E. Sparshott/Lydia Goehr
~~~~~~~
Philolaus [Philolaos]
H. Diels, ed.: Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Berlin, 1903, rev. 6/1951–2/R by W. Kranz; Eng. trans., 1948, 2/1959)
A. Barker, ed.: Greek Musical Writings, ii: Harmonic and Acoustic Theory (Cambridge,1989), 36–9, 261–2
J. Burnet: Early Greek Philosophy (London, 1892, 4/1945), 277ff
E. Frank: Plato und die sogennanten Pythagoreer (Halle, 1923/R), 263ff
W. Burkert: Weisheit und Wissenschaft: Studien zu Pythagoras, Philolaos und Platon (Nuremberg, 1962; Eng. trans., rev., 1962, as Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism)
C.J. de Vogel: Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism (Assen, 1966)
K. von Fritz: ‘Philolaos’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, suppl.xiii (Munich, 1973), 453–83
C.A. Huffman: Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic (Cambridge, 1993) [incl. commentary on the fragments]
Flora R. Levin
~~~~~~~~~~
Philodemus
J. Kemke, ed.: Philodemi de musica librorum quae exstant (Leipzig, 1884)
D.A. van Krevelen: Philodemus: De Muziek, met vertaling en commentar (Hilversum, 1939)
G.M. Rispoli, ed. and trans.: Il primo libro del Peri mousikēs de Filodemo (Naples, 1969)
G.M. Rispoli: ‘Filodemo sulla musica’, Cronache ercolanesi, iv (1974), 57–84
A.J. Neubecker, ed. and trans.: Philodemus: Über die Musik IV. Buch (Naples, 1986)
D. Delattre: ‘Philodème, de la musique: livre IV’, Cronache ercolanesi, xix (1989), 49–143
T. Gomperz: Zu Philodem's Büchern von der Musik: ein kritischer Beitrag (Vienna, 1885)
E. Holzer: ‘Zu Philodemos Peri mousikēs’, Philologus, lxvi (1907), 498–502
L.P. Wilkinson: ‘Philodemus on Ethos in Music’, Classical Quarterly, xxxii (1938), 174–81
O. Luschnat: Zum Text von Philodems Schrift De musica (Berlin, 1953)
A.J. Neubecker: Die Bewertung der Musik bei Stoikern und Epikureern: eine Analyse von Philodems Schrift De musica (Berlin, 1956)
A. Plebe: Filodemo e la musica (Turin, 1957)
W.D. Anderson: Ethos and Education in Greek Music (Cambridge, MA, 1966), 153–76, 189–91
H. Schueller: The Idea of Music (Kalamazoo, MI, 1988), 92–4
G.M. Rispoli: ‘Elementi di fisica e di etica epicurea nella teoria musicale di Filodemo di Gadara’, Harmonia mundi: musica e filosofia nell'antichità: Rome 1989, 69–103
Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~
Pēktis
M. Maas and J.M. Snyder: Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece (New Haven, CT, 1989), 147–9
M.L. West: Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992), 71–2
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 272–5
James W. McKinnon
~~~~~~~~~~~
Partheneia [partheneusis, parthenia].
J. Sandys, ed. and trans.: The Odes of Pindar, Including the Principal Fragments (London and Cambridge, MA, 1915, 3/1937/R)
D.L. Page: Alcman: The Partheneion (Oxford, 1951/R)
B. Snell ed.: Pindari carmina cum fragmentis, pts i–ii (Leipzig, 1953, rev. 5/1971–5 by H. Maehler)
L. Lawler: Dance in Ancient Greece (Middletown, CT, 1964), 102–4
G. Prudhommeau: La danse grecque antique (Paris, 1965)
J.W. Fitton: ‘Greek Dance’, Classical Quarterly, new ser., xxiii (1973), 254–74
A.J. Neubecker: Altgriechische Musik (Darmstadt, 1977), 50–51
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 83–8
Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~
Pantomime
(from Gk. pantomimos: ‘one who does everything by imitation’).
Peter Branscombe
~~~~~~~
panpipes [syrinx]
Jeremy Montagu
~~~~
Pandoura
(Gk.; Lat. pandura).
G. Fleischhauer: Etrurien und Rom, Musikgeschichte in Bildern, ii/5 (Leipzig, 1964, 2/1978)
R.A. Higgins and R.P. Winnington-Ingram: ‘Lute-Players in Greek Art’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, lxxxv (1965), 62–71
G. Wille: Musica romana (Amsterdam, 1967)
M. Maas and J.M. Snyder: Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece (New Haven, CT, 1989), 185–6
M.L. West: Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992), 79–80
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 283–5
James W. McKinnon
~~~~~~~~~
Pan
M. Jost: ‘Pan’, The Oxford Classical Dictionary, ed. S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (Oxford, 3/1996)
G. Wille: Musica romana (Amsterdam, 1967), 525–8
James W. McKinnon
~~~~~~
Paean
(Gk. paian, paiēōn, paiōn, paōn).
W. Schubart: ‘Ein griechische Papyrus mit Noten’, Sitzungsbericht Berlin, xxxvi (1918), 763–8
L. Deubner: ‘Paian’, Neue Jahrbücher, xxii (1919), 385–406
G. Pighi: ‘Ricerche sulla notazione ritmica greca’, Aegyptus, xxi (1941), 189–220; xxiii (1943), 169–243; xxxix (1959), 280–89
A.J. Neubecker: Altgriechische Musik (Darmstadt, 1977), 44
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 36–58
For further bibliography see Hymn, §I.
Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~
Oxyrhynchos Hymn
~~~~~~
Orpheus and music
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~
Nero, Emperor of Rome [Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus]
B.W. Henderson: The Life and Principate of the Emperor Nero (London, 1903)
G. Wille: Musica romana (Amsterdam, 1967), 338–50
B.H. Warmington: Nero: Reality and Legend (London, 1969)
G. Wille: Einführung in das römische Musikleben (Darmstadt, 1977), 152–8
M. Griffin: Nero: the End of a Dynasty (London, 1984)
For further bibliography see Rome, §I.
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~
music on the Internet
Peter Manning
~~~~~~
Music of the spheres
A. Boeckh: ‘Über die Bildung der Weltseele im Timaeos des Platon’, Gesammelte kleine Schriften, iii (Leipzig, 1866), 109–80
A. von Thimus: Die harmonikale Symbolik des Alterthums (Cologne, 1868–76/R)
C. von Jan: ‘Die Harmonie der Sphären’, Philologus, lii (1893), 13–39
E. Frank: Plato und die sogenannten Pythagoreer (Halle, 1923)
J. Handschin: ‘Ein mittelalterlicher Beitrag zur Lehre von der Sphärenharmonie’, ZMw, ix (1926–7), 193–208
F.M. Cornford: Plato’s Cosmology: the Timaeus of Plato (London and New York, 1937)
L. Spitzer: ‘Classical and Christian Ideas of World Harmony’, Traditio, ii (1944), 409–64; iii (1945), 307–64
J. Handschin: ‘The Timaeus Scale’, MD, iv (1950), 3–42
J. Hutton: ‘Some English Poems in Praise of Music’, English Miscellany, ii, ed. M. Praz (Rome, 1951), 1–63
R.S. Brumbaugh: Plato’s Mathematical Imagination (Bloomington, IN, 1954/R)
J. Haar: Musica mundana: Variations on a Pythagorean Theme (diss., Harvard U., 1961)
R. Hammerstein: Die Musik der Engel: Untersuchungen zur Musikanschauung des Mittelalters (Berne and Munich, 1962)
D. Walker: ‘Kepler’s Celestial Music’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, xxx (1967), 228–50
K. Meyer-Baer: Music of the Spheres and the Dance of Death: Studies in Musical Iconology (Princeton, NJ, 1970/R)
J. Haar: ‘Pythagorean Harmony of the Universe’, Dictionary of the History of Ideas, ed. P.P. Wiener (New York, 1973–4), iv, 38–9
E.G. McClain: The Pythagorean Plato (New York, 1978)
J. Godwin: Robert Fludd: Hermetic Philosopher and Surveyor of Two Worlds (London, 1979)
J. Rodgers and W. Ruff: ‘Kepler's Harmony of the World: a Realization for the Ear’, American Scientist, lxvii (1979), 286–92
C.V. Palisca: Humanism in Italian Renaissance Musical Thought (New Haven, CT, 1985)
J. Godwin: Harmonies of Heaven and Earth: the Spiritual Dimensions of Music from Antiquity to the Avant-Garde (London, 1987)
J. Godwin, ed.: Harmony of the Spheres: a Sourcebook of the Pythagorean Tradition in Music (Rochester, VT, 1993)
James Haar
~~~~~~~~~
Muses
(Gk. Mousai, Moisai; Lat. Musae, also Camenae, from cano).
P. Boyancé: Le culte des Muses chez les philosophes grecs (Paris, 1937/R)
P. Boyancé: ‘Sur les oracles de la Pythie, II: Les Muses, le “pneuma” et la “tétraktys” pythagoricienne à Delphes’, Revue des études anciennes, xl (1938), 314–16
E. Buschor: Die Musen des Jenseits (Leipzig, 1944)
P. Boyancé: ‘Les Muses et l'harmonie des sphères’, Mélanges dédiés à la mémoire de Félix Grat, i (Paris, 1946), 3–16
J.R.T. Pollard: ‘Muses and Sirens’, Classical Review, new ser., ii (1952), 60–63
W.F. Otto: Die Musen und der göttliche Ursprung des Singens und Sagens (Düsseldorf, 1955, 2/1956), 23–9, 54–61
K. Marót: ‘Musen, Sirenen und Chariten’, Filológiai közlöny, iv (1958), 657–62
H. Koller: Musik und Dichtung im alten Griechenland (Berne, 1963)
E. Barmeyer: Die Musen (Munich, 1968)
M. Wegner: ‘Kalliope’, Musa – mens – musici: im Gedenken an Walther Vetter (Leipzig, 1969), 17–22
For further bibliography see Greece, §I.
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~
Monochord
S. Wantzloeben : Das Monochord als Instrument und als System entwicklungsgeschichtlich dargestellt (Halle, 1911)
J.M. Barbour : Tuning and Temperament: a Historical Survey (East Lansing, MI, 1951/R, 2/1953)
K.W. Gümpel : ‘Das Tastenmonochord Conrads von Zabern’, AMw, xii (1955), 143–66
C.D. Adkins : The Theory and Practice of the Monochord (diss., U. of Iowa, 1963)
J. Chailley : ‘La monocorde et la théorie musicale’, Organicae voces: Festschrift Joseph Smits van Waesberghe angeboten anlässlich seines 60. Geburtstag, ed. P. Fischer (Amsterdam, 1963), 11–20
C. Adkins : ‘The Technique of the Monochord’, AcM, xxxix (1967), 34–43
M.-E. Duchez : ‘Des neumes à la porteé’, Musicologie médiévale: Paris 1982, 57–60
J. Smith : ‘The Medieval Monochord’, JMR, v (1984), 1–34
C. Meyer, ed.: Mensura monochordi: la division du monocorde (IXe–XVe siècle) (Paris, 1996)
Cecil Adkins
~~~~~
Michaelides, Solon
George Leotsakos
~~~~~~~~~
Metabolē
(Gk.: ‘change’ or ‘exchange’).
C. von Jan, ed.: Musici scriptores graeci (Leipzig, 1895/R)
R.P. Winnington-Ingram: Mode in Ancient Greek Music (Cambridge, 1936/R)
W.D. Anderson: Ethos and Education in Greek Music (Cambridge, MA, 1966)
E. Pöhlmann, ed.: Denkmäler altgriechischer Musik (Nuremberg, 1970)
‘The Ancient Harmoniai, Tonoi, and Octave Species in Theory and Practice’, JM, iii (1984), 221–86 [series of articles by A. Barbera, C. Bower, T.J. Mathiesen, C.V. Palisca and J. Solomon]
A. Barker, ed.: Greek Musical Writings (Cambridge, 1984–9)
M.L. West: Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992)
W.D. Anderson: Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece (Ithaca, NY, 1994)
André Barbera
~~~~~~~~~~
Mesomedes
V. Galilei: Dialogo della musica antica e moderna (Florence, 1581/R)
J.F. Bellermann: Die Hymnen des Dionysios und Mesomedes (Berlin, 1840)
C. von Jan, ed.: Musici scriptores graeci (Leipzig, 1895–9/R), 454ff; suppl., 40ff
U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff: Griechische Verskunst (Berlin, 1921/R), 494–5, 595–607
J.U. Powell, ed.: Collectanea alexandrina (Oxford, 1925/R), 197–8
K. Horna: Die Hymnen des Mesomedes (Vienna and Leipzig, 1928), 3–45
G. Martellotti: Mesomede (Rome, 1929)
W. Vetter: ‘Mesomedes’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, xv/1 (Stuttgart, 1931), 1103
R.P. Winnington-Ingram: Mode in Ancient Greek Music (Cambridge, 1936/R), 41ff
E. Wellesz: A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography (Oxford, 1949, enlarged 2/1961), 152ff
I. Henderson: ‘Ancient Greek Music’, NOHM, i (1957), 336–403, esp. 371
E. Heitsch: ‘Die Mesomedes-Überlieferung’, Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, iii (1959), 35–45
E. Heitsch: Die griechischen Dichterfragmente der römischen Kaiserzeit, i (Göttingen, 1961, 2/1963), 24ff
R. Merkelbach and H. van Thiel, eds.: Griechisches Leseheft zur Einführung in Paläographie und Textkritik (Göttingen, 1965), 25–8
E. Pöhlmann, ed.: Denkmäler altgriechischer Musik (Nuremberg, 1970)
M.L. West: Greek Metre (Oxford, 1982), 165, 167 n.11, 170, 172–3
M.L. West: Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992), 209, 302–8
Egert Pöhlmann
~~~~~
~~~~~~~~
Menander [Menandros]
F.G. Allinson, ed. and trans.: Menander: the Principal Fragments (London and Cambridge, MA, 1921, 2/1930/R)
E.W. Handley, ed.: The Dyskolos of Menander (London, 1965), esp. 171ff, 210–11, 282ff
F.H. Sandbach, ed.: Menandri reliquiae selectae (Oxford, 1972)
T.B.L. Webster: Studies in Menander (Manchester, 1950, 2/1960)
A.D. Trendall and T.B.L. Webster: Illustrations of Greek Drama (London, 1971), 145
A.W. Gomme and F.H. Sandbach: Menander: a Commentary (Oxford, 1973)
G. Comotti: ‘L'aulo ghingras in una scena menandrea del mosaico di Dioscuride’, Quaderni urbinati di cultura classica, xx (1975), 215–23 and 4 pls.
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~
Melanippides
J.M. Edmonds, ed. and trans.: Lyra graeca, iii (London and Cambridge, MA, 1927, 2/1928/R), 230–39
D.L. Page, ed.: Poetae melici graeci (Oxford, 1962), 392ff
D.A. Campbell, ed. and trans.: Greek Lyric, v (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1993), 14–29
A.W. Pickard-Cambridge: Dithyramb, Tragedy and Comedy (Oxford, 1927, rev. 2/1962 by T.B.L. Webster), 39ff
I. Düring: ‘Studies in Musical Terminology in 5th Century Literature’, Eranos, xliii (1945), 176–97
U. Knoche: ‘Melanippides’, Lexikon der alten Welt, ed. C. Andresen (Zürich and Stuttgart, 1965)
W.D. Anderson: Ethos and Education in Greek Music (Cambridge, MA, 1966), 55
L. Richter: ‘Zum Stilwandel der griechischen Musik im 5./4. Jahrhundert’, Forschungen und Fortschritte, xliv (1967), 114–16
E.K. Borthwick: ‘Notes on the Plutarch De Musica and the Cheiron of Pherecrates’, Hermes, xcvi (1968), 60–73
L. Richter: ‘Die neue Musik der griechischen Antike’, AMw, xxv (1968), 1–18, 134–7
M. Maas: ‘Polychordia and the Fourth-Century Greek Lyre’, JM, x (1992), 74–88
W.D. Anderson: Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece (Ithaca, NY, 1994), 127–34
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~
Meibom [Meiboom, Meibomius], Marcus
HawkinsH
J. Moller: Cimbria literata (Copenhagen, 1744), iii, 443ff
A. Hammerich: Dansk musikhistorie indtil ca.1700 (Copenhagen, 1921)
C.S. Petersen: ‘Marcus Meibom og Villem Lange’, Fund og forskning, i (1954), 1–39
John Bergsagel
~~~~~
Mathiesen, Thomas J(ames)
A Bibliography of Sources for the Study of Ancient Greek Music (Hackensack, NJ, 1974)
‘An Annotated Translation of Euclid’s Division of a Monochord’, JMT, xix (1975), 236–58
‘Problems of Terminology in Ancient Greek Music Theory: APMONIA’, Festival Essays for Pauline Alderman, ed. B.L. Karson (Provo, UT, 1976), 3–17
‘Towards a Corpus of Ancient Greek Music Theory: a New Catalogue raisonné Planned for RISM’, FAM, xxv (1978), 119–34
‘New Fragments of Ancient Greek Music’, AcM, liii (1981), 14–32
‘The Office of the New Feast of Corpus Christi in the Regimen animarum at Brigham Young University’, JM, ii (1982), 13–44
‘Aristides Quintilianus and the Harmonics of Manuel Bryennius: a Study in Byzantine Music Theory’, JMT, xxvii (1983), 31–47
ed. and trans.: Aristides Quintilianus on Music in Three Books (New Haven, CT, 1983)
‘Harmonia and Ethos in Ancient Greek Music’, JM, iii (1984), 264–79
‘Rhythm and Meter in Ancient Greek Music’, Music Theory Spectrum, vii (1985), 159–80
‘Ars critica and Fata libellorum: the Significance of Codicology to Text Critical Theory’, Music Theory and its Sources: Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Notre Dame, IN, 1987, 19–37
Ancient Greek Music Theory: a catalogue raisonné of Manuscripts, RISM, B/XI (1988)
‘Music, Aesthetics, and Cosmology in Early Neo-Platonism’, Paradigms in Medieval Thought Applications in Medieval Disciplines: Northridge, CA, 1987, ed. N. van Deusen and A.E. Ford (Lewiston, NY, 1990), 37–64
‘Silent Film Music and the Theatre Organ’, Indiana Theory Review, xi (1990), 81–118
‘Hermes or Clio? The Transmission of Ancient Greek Music Theory’, Musical Humanism and its Legacy: Essays in Honor of Claude V. Palisca, ed. N.K. Baker and B.R. Hanning (Stuyvesant, NY, 1992), 3–35
‘Transmitting Text and Graphics in Online Databases’, Computing in Musicology, ix (1994), 33–48
ed. with B.V. Rivera: Festa Musicologica: Essays in Honor of George J. Buelow (Stuyvesant, NY, 1995)
ed.: Greek Views of Music, Source Readings in Music History, ed. O. Strunk, i (New York, rev. 2/1998 by L. Treitler)
Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, forthcoming)
Paula Morgan
~~~~~~~~~
Marsyas
H. Abert: ‘Antike Musikerlegende’, Festschrift zum 90. Geburtstage … Rates Rochus Freiherrn von Liliencron (Leipzig, 1910/R), 1–16
M. Wegner: Das Musikleben der Griechen (Berlin, 1949), 18–19
G. Wille: Musica romana (Amsterdam, 1967), 533ff
M.J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments (Chicago, 1990), 116–18
D.A. Campbell, ed. and trans.: Greek Lyric, iii (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1991), 272–85
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 178–82
For further bibliography see Aulos; Greece, §I; and Phorbeia.
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~
lyre
Bo Lawergren
John Clark
MGG2 (‘Leiern’, §A; B. Lawergren, M. Bröcker; §C; G. Kubik); SachsH
B. Ankermann: ‘Die afrikanischen Musikinstrumente’, Ethnologisches Notizblatt, iii (1901), 1–34
P. Karsten: ‘Musikinstrumente fremder Völker, I: die Tambura der Sudan-Neger’, Deutsche Instrumentenbauzeitung (27 Dec 1908)
D. Westerman: The Shilluk People: their Language and Folklore (Philadelphia, 1912)
A.O. Väisänen: ‘Die Leier der Ob-ugrischen Völker’, Eurasia septentrionalis antiqua, vi (1931), 15–29
S. Zenkovsky: ‘Zar and Tambura as Practised by the Women of Omdurman’, Sudan Notes and Records, xxxi (1950), 65–85
M. Trowell and K.P. Wachsmann: Tribal Crafts of Uganda (London, 1953)
K. König: ‘The Lyre’, The Cresset: Journal of the Camphill Movement, ii/2 (1955), 26–8
J.S. Laurenty: Les cordophones du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi (Tervuren, 1960)
B. Aign: Die Geschichte der Musikinstrumente des ägäischen Raumes bis un 700 vor Christus (Frankfurt, 1963)
C.A. Lindenberg: ‘The Lyre: a New Instrument’, The Cresset: Journal of the Camphill Movement, ix/3 (1963), 42–5
P.R. Olsen: ‘La musique africaine dans le Golfe Persique’, JIFMC, xix (1967), 28–36
M. Powne: Ethiopian Music, an Introduction: a Survey of Ecclesiastical and Secular Ethiopian Music and Instruments (London, 1968/R)
H.O. Anyumba: ‘The Making of a Lyre Musician’, mila: a Biannual Newsletter of Cultural Research, i/2 (1970), 28–33
J.P. Varnum: ‘The Obokano of the Gusii: a Bowl Lyre of East Africa’, EthM, xv (1971), 242–8
K.P. Wachsmann: ‘The Interrelations of Musical Instruments, Musical Forms, and Cultural Systems in Africa’, Technology and Culture, xii/3 (1971), 399–413
A. Shiloah: ‘The Simsimyya: a Stringed Instrument of the Red Sea’, AsM, iv/1 (1972), 15–26
A. Spycket: ‘La musique instrumentale Mésopotamienne’, Journal des savants (1972), 153–209
A.A. Moorfield: ‘James Bruce: Ethnomusicologist or Abyssinian Lyre?’, JAMS, xxviii (1975), 493–514
G.A. Plumley: El tanbur: the Sudanese Lyre or the Nubian Kissar (Cambridge, 1976)
A. Kebede: ‘The Bowl-Lyre of Northeast Africa, Krar: the Devil’s Instrument’, EthM, xxi (1977), 379–95
C.M.-L. Kimberlin: ‘The Baganna of Ethiopia’, Ethiopian Observer, ii/2 (1978), 13–29
P.N. Kavyu: Traditional Musical Instruments of Kenya (Nairobi, 1980)
D. Collon: ‘Leier: Archäologisch’, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie, vi, ed. E. Weidner and W. von Soden (Berlin1980–83), 576–82
G. Lawson: ‘An Anglo-Saxon Harp and Lyre of the Ninth-Century’, Music and Tradition, ed. D.R. Widdess and R.F. Wolpert (Cambridge, 1981), 229–44
A. Kebebe: Roots of Black Music: the Vocal, Instrumental and Dance Heritage of Africa and Black America (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982)
G. Kubik: Ostafrika: Musikgeschichte in Bildern, i (Leipzig, 1982)
U. Wegner: ‘Afrikanische Musikinstrumente im Südirak’, Baessler-Archiv, xxx (1982), 395–442
H.O. Anyumba: ‘Contemporary Lyres in Eastern Africa’, AfM, i (1983), 18–33
N. Visser: ‘Building Choroi Musical Instruments’, Curative Education and Social Therapy, ii (1983), 37–41
B. Lawergren: ‘The Cyliner Cithara in Etruria, Greece, and Anatolia’, Imago musicae, i (1984), 147–74
W.A. Omondi: ‘Tuning of the Thum, the Luo Lyre: a Systematic Analysis’, EthM, v (1984), 261–81
U. Wegner: ‘Afrikanische Saiteninstrumente’, Veröffentlichungen des Museums für Völkerkunde Berlin (Berlin, 1984)
A. Bélis: ‘A propos de la construction de la lyre’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique cix (1985), 201–20
J. Knierim: Zwischen Hören und Bewegen von den Heilkräften der Musik (Bingenheim, 1988)
G. Braune: ‘Das Damma- und Simsimiyya-Repertoire in Port Sa’id’, Von der Vielfalt Musikalischer Kultur: Festschrift für Joesf Kuckertz, ed. R. Schumacher (Salzburg, 1992), 81–102
M. Byrne: ‘The Dardanos Fragments and the 40o Angular Lyre’, GSJ, xlvi (1993), 3–25
C.T. Gray: ‘The Ugandan Lyre Endongo and its Music’, British Journal of Ethnomusicology, ii (1993), 117–42
B. Lawergren: ‘Lyres in the West (Italy, Greece) and the East (Egypt, the Near East), ca. 2000–400 B.C.’, Opuscula romana, xix/6 (1993), 55–76
M. Hollander and P. Rebbe, eds.:: Die Leier: Entstehung und Möglichkeiten eines erneuerten Saiteninstruments (Dornach, 1996)
G. Braune: Küstenmusik in Südarabien: die Lieder und Tänze an den jemenitischen Künsten des Arabischen Meeres (Frankfurt, 1997)
B. Lawergren: ‘Distinctions among Canaanite, Philistine, and Israelite Lyres, and their Global Lyrical Contexts’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no.309 (1998), 41–68
J.G. Younger: Music in the Aegean Bronze Age (Jonsered, 1998), 3–25
~~~~~~~~~~
Lute
James W. McKinnon, Robert Anderson
~~~~~~~~
Limenius
T. Reinach: Les hymnes delphiques à Apollon avec notes musicales (Paris, 1912)
M.G. Colin: ‘L'auteur du deuxième hymne musical de Delphes’, Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1913), 529–32
P. Moens: De twee delphische hymnen met musieknoten (Purmerend, 1930)
R.P. Winnington-Ingram: Mode in Ancient Greek Music (Cambridge, 1936/R), 32ff, 45
E. Pöhlmann, ed.: Denkmäler altgriechischer Musik (Nuremberg, 1970), 58ff
A. Bélis: ‘A proposito degli “Inni delfici”’, La musica in Grecia: Urbino 1985, 205–18
M.L. West: Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992), 288–308, 317–18
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 44–56
For recordings see Greece, §I (Bibliography, (ii)).
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~
Kōmos
M. Lamer: ‘Komos’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, xi/2 (Stuttgart, 1922), 1286–1304
A. Pickard-Cambridge: Dithyramb, Tragedy and Comedy (Oxford, 1927, rev. 2/1962 by T.B.L. Webster), 33
A. Pickard-Cambridge: The Dramatic Festivals of Athens (Oxford, 1953, rev. 2/1968 by J. Gould and D.M. Lewis), 279–305
M. Heath: ‘Receiving the kōmos: the Context and Performance of Epinician’, American Journal of Philology, cix (1988), 180–95
K.A. Morgan: ‘Pindar the Professional and the Rhetoric of the kōmos’, Classical Philology, lxxxviii (1993), 1–15
Geoffrey Chew/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~
Kitharode
(Gk. kitharoidos; Lat. citharoedus).
H. Abert: ‘Kitharoidia’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1921), 530–34
J.D. Beazley: ‘Citharoedus’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, xlii (1922), 70–98
J.A. Kemp: ‘Professional Musicians in Ancient Greece’, Greece and Rome, xiii (1966), 213–22
M. Maas and J.M. Snyder: Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece (New Haven, CT, 1989)
M. Maas: ‘Timotheus at Sparta: the Nature of the Crime’, Musical Humanism and its Legacy: Essays in Honor of Claude Palisca, ed. N.K. Baker and B.R. Hanning (Stuyvesant, NY, 1992), 37–52
Martha Maas
~~~~~~~
Kithara
H. Huchzermeyer : Aulos und Kithara in der griechischen Musik bis zum Ausgang der klassischen Zeit (Emsdetten, 1931)
M. Wegner : Das Musikleben der Griechen (Berlin, 1949)
R.P. Winnington-Ingram : ‘Ancient Greek Music 1932–1957’, Lustrum, iii (1958), 6–57, 259–60
M. Wegner : Griechenland, Musikgeschichte in Bildern, ii/4 (Leipzig, 1963, 2/1970)
J.M. Snyder : ‘ Aulos and Kithara on the Greek Stage’, Panathenaia: Studies in Athenian Life and Thought in the Classical Age, ed. T. Gregory and A. Podlecki (Lawrence, KS, 1979), 75–95
H.D. Roberts : ‘The Technique of Playing Ancient Greek Instruments of the Lyre Type’, British Museum Yearbook, iv (1980), 43–76
A. Barker : ‘The Innovations of Lysander the Kitharist’, Classical Quarterly, xxxii (1982), 266–9
M. Maas and J.M. Snyder : Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece (New Haven, CT, 1989)
M. Maas : ‘ Polychordia and the Fourth-Century Greek Lyre’, JM, x (1992), 74–88
M.L. West : Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992)
W. Anderson : Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece (Ithaca, NY, 1994)
S. Sarti : ‘Kítharis e kithára: origini di un antico stromento attraverso le fonti litterarie e figurative’, NRMI, xxix (1995), 529–37
Martha Maas
~~~~~~~
Ibycus
J.M. Edmonds, ed. and trans.: Lyra graeca, ii (London and Cambridge, MA, 1924, 2/1928/R), 78–119
D.L. Page, ed.: Poetae melici graeci (Oxford, 1962), 144–69
D.A. Campbell, ed. and trans.: Greek Lyric, iii (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1991), 208–93
U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff: Sappho und Simonides (Berlin, 1913/R), 121–5
C.M. Bowra: Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides (Oxford, 1936, 2/1961), 241–67
W.D. Anderson: Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece (Ithaca, NY, 1994), 78–81
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~~
Hyperaeolian
Harold S. Powers
~~~~~~~~~
hymn
F. Bellermann : Die Hymnen des Dionysius und Mesomedes (Berlin, 1840)
T.W. Allen, W.R. Halliday and E.E. Sikes, eds.: The Homeric Hymns (London, 1904, 2/1936)
T. Reinach : Les hymnes delphiques à Apollon avec notes musicales (Paris, 1912)
H.G. Evelyn-White, ed.: Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica (London and Cambridge, MA, 1914, rev. 2/1943)
J.U. Powell, ed.: Collectanea alexandrina (Oxford, 1925), 141ff, 160–61
S. Eitrem, L. Amundsen and R.P. Winnington-Ingram, eds.: ‘Fragments of Unknown Greek Tragic Texts with Musical Notation’, Symbolae osloenses, xxxi (1955), 1–87
E. Pöhlmann, ed.: Denkmäler altgriechischer Musik (Nuremberg, 1970)
D.A. Campbell, ed. and trans.: Greek Lyric, ii (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1988), 290
~~~~~~~~~
T. Reinach : ‘Hymnus’, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, ed. C. Daremberg and E. Saglio (Paris, 1877–1919/R), iii, 337ff
H.W. Smyth : Greek Melic Poets (London and New York, 1900/R), pp.xxv ff
M.G. Colin : ‘L'auteur du deuxième hymne musical de Delphes’, Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1913), 529–32
E. Norden : Agnostos Theos (Berlin and Leipzig, 1913/R), 143ff
R. Wünsch : ‘Hymnus’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, ix/1 (Stuttgart, 1914), 140–83
K. Horna : Die Hymnen des Mesomedes (Vienna and Leipzig, 1928)
P. Moens : De twee delphische hymnen met muzieknoten (Purmerend, 1930)
H. Meyer : Hymnische Stilelemente in der frühgriechischen Dichtung (diss., U. of Cologne,1933)
J.A. Haldane : ‘Musical Instruments in Greek Worship’, Greece & Rome, xiii (1966), 98–107
M.L. West : ‘Two Notes on Delphic Inscriptions’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, ii (1968), 176 only
T.B.L. Webster : The Greek Chorus (London, 1970)
W. Anderson : ‘Word-Accent and Melody in Ancient Greek Musical Texts’, JMT, xvii (1973), 186–202
A. Bélis : ‘A proposito degli “Inni delfici”’, La musica in Grecia: Urbino 1985, 205–18
M.L. West : Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992), 288–308, 317–18
T.J. Mathiesen : Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 29–58
For recordings see Greece, §I (bibliography, (ii)) .
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~
Hydraulis
H. Degering: Die Orgel: ihre Erfindung und ihre Geschichte bis zur Karolingerzeit (Münster, 1905)
H.G. Farmer: The Organs of the Ancients from Eastern Sources (London, 1931)
F.W. Galpin: A Textbook of European Musical Instruments (London, 1937, 3/1956/R)
W. Apel: ‘The Early History of the Organ’, Speculum, xxiii (1948), 191–216
J. Perrot: L’orgue de ses origines hellénistiques (Paris, 1965; Eng. trans., 1971)
W. Walcker-Mayer: Die römische Orgel von Aquincum (Stuttgart, 1970; Eng. trans., 1972)
D. Najock, ed. and trans.: Anonyma de musica scripta Bellermanniana (Leipzig, 1975)
M. Kaba: Die römische Orgel von Aquincum (Budapest, 1976, 2/1980)
E.L. Szonntagh: ‘Is the Pipe Organ Discovered at Aquincum a Water Organ?’, Scientific Honeyweller, ii/4 (1981), 54–60
P. Williams:: The King of Instruments: How Churches Came to Have Organs (London, 1993), 1–39
P. Williams: The Organ in Western Culture, 750–1250 (Cambridge, 1993), 235–52
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 225–30
James W. McKinnon
~~~~~~~~~~
Homeric hymns
T.W. Allen, W.R. Halliday and E.E. Sikes, eds.: The Homeric Hymns (Oxford, 1904, 2/1936/R)
A. Barker, ed.: Greek Musical Writings, i: The Musician and his Art (Cambridge, 1984), 38–46
G.S. Kirk: ‘The Homeric Hymns’, Greek Literature, ed. P.E. Easterling and B.M.W. Knox (Cambridge, 1985), 110–16
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999)
Michael W. Lundell
~~~~~~~
Homer
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
Robert Anderson
H. Guhrauer: Musikgeschichtliches aus Homer (Lauban, 1886)
W. Leaf, ed.: The Iliad (London and New York, 1886–8, 2/1900–02/R)
C.M. Bowra: Tradition and Design in the Iliad (Oxford, 1930/R)
W.B. Stanford, ed.: The Odyssey of Homer (London and New York, 1947–8, 2/1958–9/R)
H.L. Lorimer: Homer and the Monuments (London, 1950)
G.S. Kirk: The Songs of Homer (Cambridge, 1962)
A.J.B. Wace and F.H. Stubbings, eds.: A Companion to Homer (Cambridge, 1963)
M. Wegner: Musik und Tanz (Göttingen, 1968)
C.M. Bowra: Homer (New York, 1972)
J.M. Snyder: ‘The Web of Song: Weaving Imagery in Homer and the Lyric Poets’, Classical Journal, lxxvi (1981), 193–6
M.L. West: ‘The Singing of Homer and the Modes of Early Greek Music’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, ci (1981), 113–29
A. Barker, ed.: Greek Musical Writings, i: The Musician and his Art (Cambridge, 1984), 18–32 [translated excerpts referring to musical subjects]
G. Danek: ‘“Singing Homer”: Überlegungen zu Sprechintonation und Epengesang’, Wiener humanistische Blätter, xxxi (1989), 1–15
W.D. Anderson: Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece (Ithaca, NY, 1994), 27–57
For further bibliography see Greece, §I.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Heterophony
~~~~~
Hesiod
A. Rzach, ed.: Hesiodi carmina (Leipzig, 1902, abridged 1913/R)
H.G. Evelyn-White, ed. and trans.: Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica (London and Cambridge, MA, 1914, 2/1936/R)
R. Lattimore, trans.: Hesiod: The Works and Days; Theogony; The Shield of Herakles (Ann Arbor, 1959)
M.L. West, ed.: Theogony (Oxford, 1966) [with commentary]
F. Solmsen, ed.: Hesiodi Theogonia; Opera et dies; Scutum (Oxford, 1970, 3/1990) [with R. Merkelbach and M.L. West, ed.: Fragmenta selecta]
F. Solmsen: Hesiod and Aeschylus (London, 1949/R)
H. Schwabl: ‘Hesiodos’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, suppl.xii (Stuttgart, 1970), 434–86
A. Barker, ed.: Greek Musical Writings, i: The Musician and his Art (Cambridge, 1984), 33–7 [translated excerpts referring to musical subjects]
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~
Heptachord
(from Gk. hepta: ‘seven’, chordē: ‘lyre string’).
~~~~~~~
Harp
Bo Lawergren
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Harmonia
Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~~
Georgiades, Thrasybulos G(eorgios)
Der griechische Rhythmus: Musik, Reigen, Vers und Sprache (Habilitationsschrift, U. of Munich, 1947; Hamburg, 1949/R; Eng. trans., 1956/R)
Musik und Rhythmus bei den Griechen: zum Ursprung der abendländischen Musik (Hamburg, 1958)
~~~~~~~~~~~
Euripides
Robert Anderson
A. Nauck, ed.: Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta (Leipzig, 1856, 2/1889/R with suppl. by B. Snell), 417–723
D.L. Page, ed. and trans.: Greek Literary Papyri, i (London and Cambridge, MA, 1941, 2/1942), 68ff, 86ff, 108–9
E.R. Dodds, ed.: Euripides: Bacchae, (Oxford, 1944, 2/1960/R)
A.M. Dale, ed.: Euripides: Alcestis (Oxford, 1954, 2/1961/R)
D. Grene and R. Lattimore, eds.: Euripides I–V (Chicago, 1955–9/R)
G.W. Bond, ed.: Euripides: Hypsipyle (Oxford, 1963)
C. Austin, ed.: Nova fragmenta Euripidea in papyris reperta (Berlin, 1968)
E. Bethe: ‘Die griechische Tragödie und die Musik’, Neue Jahrbücher für das klassische Altertum, Geschichte und deutsche Literatur, Jg.x (1907), 81–95
T. Reinach: ‘Euripides und der Choreut’, Hermes, xlv (1910), 151–5
D.D. Feaver: ‘The Musical Setting of Euripides’ Orestes’, American Journal of Philology, lxxxi (1960), 1–15
G.A. Longman: ‘The Musical Papyrus: Euripides, Orestes 332–40’, Classical Quarterly, new ser., xii (1962), 61–6
E. Moutsopoulos: ‘Euripide et la philosophie de la musique’, Revue des études grecques, lxxv (1962), 396–452
R. Browning, ed.: ‘A Byzantine Treatise on Tragedy’, Geras: Studies Presented to George Thomson, ed. L. Varcl and R.F. Willetts (Prague, 1963), 67–81
J.A. Haldane: ‘Musical Themes and Imagery in Aeschylus’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, lxxxv (1965), 33–41 [on Euripides]
W.D. Anderson: Ethos and Education in Greek Music (Cambridge, MA, 1966), 58ff
L. Richter: ‘Zum Stilwandel der griechischen Musik im 5./4. Jahrhundert’, Forschungen und Fortschritte, xli (1967), 114–16
L. Richter: ‘Die neue Musik der griechischen Antike’, AMw, xxv (1968), 1–18, 134–47
E. Pöhlmann, ed.: Denkmäler altgriechischer Musik (Nuremberg, 1970), 78ff
L. Richter: ‘Das Musikfragment aus dem Euripideischen Orestes’, DJbM, xvi (1971), 111–49
L. Richter: ‘Musikalische Aspekte der attischen Tragödienchöre’, BMw, xiv (1972), 247–98
D. Jourdan-Hemmerdinger: ‘Un nouveau papyrus musical d’Euripide (présentation provisoire)’, Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1973), 292–302 [with comments by H.I. Marrou]
G. Marzi: ‘Il papiro musicale dell’ “Oreste” di Euripide (Pap. Vindob. G.2315)’, Scritti in onore di Luigi Ronga (Milan and Naples, 1973), 315–29
J. Solomon: ‘A Diphonal Diphthong in the Orestes Papyrus’, American Journal of Philology, xcvii (1976), 172–3
G. Comotti: ‘Words, Verse and Music in Euripides’ Iphigenia in Aulis’, Museum philologum londiniense, ii (1977), 69–84
J. Solomon: ‘Orestes 344–45: Colometry and Music’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, xviii (1977), 71–83
D.D. Feaver: ‘A New Note, Omega, in the Orestes Papyrus?’, American Journal of Philology, xcix (1978), 38–40
M. Pintacuda: La musica nella tragedia greca (Cefalù, 1978), 157–216
D. Jourdan-Hemmerdinger: ‘Le nouveau papyrus d’Euripide: qu’apporte-t-il à la théorie et à l’histoire de la musique?’, Les sources en musicologie: Orléans 1979, 35–65
T.J. Mathiesen: ‘New Fragments of Ancient Greek Music’, AcM, liii (1981), 14–32
A. Barker, ed.: Greek Musical Writings, i: The Musician and his Art (Cambridge, 1984), 62–92 [translated excerpts referring to musical subjects]
T.J. Mathiesen: ‘Harmonia and Ethos in Ancient Greek Music’, JM, iii (1984), 264–79
T.J. Mathiesen: ‘Rhythm and Meter in Ancient Greek Music’, Music Theory Spectrum, vii (1985), 159–80
M.K. Černý: ‘Druhý zhudebněný fragment z Euripida’ [The second Euripides fragment with music], Listy filologické, cix (1986), 132–40
W.D. Anderson: Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece (Ithaca, NY, 1994), 210–22
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 94–125
~~~~~~~
Ethos
MGG1 (W. Vetter)
F.A. Gevaert: Histoire et théorie de la musique de l’antiquité (Ghent, 1875–81/R), i, 190–9; ii, 60–62, 118–25
G. Amsel: De vi atque indole rhythmorum (Breslau, 1887)
K. von Jan, ed.: Musici scriptores graeci (Leipzig, 1895/R)
H. Abert: Die Lehre vom Ethos in der griechischen Musik (Leipzig, 1899/R)
M. Abert: ‘Der gegenwärtige Stand der Forschung über die antike Musik’, JbMP 1921, ii, 21–40
W. Vetter: ‘Musikunterricht (ethisch)’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, xvi/1 (Stuttgart, 1933), 877–84
R. Schäfke: Geschichte der Musikästhetik in Umrissen (Berlin, 1934, 2/1964/R), 1–190
R.P. Winnington-Ingram: Mode in Ancient Greek Music (Cambridge, 1936/R), 2–3, 46–59, 66–8
L.P. Wilkinson: ‘Philodemus on Ethos in Music’, Classical Quarterly, xxxii (1938), 174–81
O.J. Gombosi: Tonarten und Stimmungen der antiken Musik (Copenhagen, 1939/R), 136–42
C. Sachs: The Rise of Music in the Ancient World, East and West (New York, 1943), 248ff
A. Plebe: Filodemo e la musica (Torino, 1957)
H. John: ‘Das musikerzieherische Wirken Pythagoras' und Damons: ein Beitrag zur Ethoslehre der Griechen’, Altertum, viii (1962), 67–72
E.A. Lippman: ‘The Sources and Development of the Ethical View of Music in Ancient Greece’, MQ, xlix (1963), 188–209
W.D. Anderson: Ethos and Education in Greek Music (Cambridge, MA, 1966)
M.C. Beardsley: Aesthetics from Classical Greece to the Present (New York, 1966)
D. Zoltai: A zeneesztétika története, i: Ethosz és affektus (Budapest, 1966, 2/1969; Ger. trans., 1970, as Ethos und Affekt)
G. Wille: Musica romana (Amsterdam, 1967), 434–8
J. García López: ‘Sobre el vocabulario ético-musical del griego’, Emerita, xxxvii (1969), 335–52 [with Eng. summary]
J. Solomon: ‘The Diastaltic Ethos’, Classical Philology, lxxvi (1981), 93–100
G.M. Rispoli: ‘Sensazione, esperienza, giudizio tecnico: testimonianze su origine e sviluppi di una concezione estetica’, Annali della Facoltà di lettere e filosofia della Università di Napoli, xxiv (1981–2), 105–19
E. Tsugami: ‘Ptolemaios no tonos ethos ron’, Bigaku, cxxxv (1983), 32–41
T.J. Mathiesen: ‘Harmonia and Ethos in Ancient Greek Music’, JM, iii (1984), 264–79
P. Ciarlantini: Phonos ed ethos: aspetti di estetica musicale greca (Macerata, 1985)
A. Gostoli: ‘Terpandro e la funzione etico-politica della musica nella cultura spartana del VII sec. a.C.’, La musica in Grecia: Urbino 1985, 231–7
K. Ioannides: ‘L'ethos musical chez Platon’, Philosophia, xv–xvi (1985–6), 254–65
H. Schueller: The Idea of Music (Kalamazoo, MI, 1988)
T.J. Mathiesen: ‘Music, Aesthetics, and Cosmology in Early Neo-Platonism’, Paradigms in Medieval Thought: Applications in Medieval Disciplines: Northridge, CA, 1987, ed. N. van Deusen and A.E. Ford (Lewiston, NY, 1990), 37–64
~~~~~~~
Eratosthenes
E. Hiller, ed.: Eratosthenis carminum reliquiae (Leipzig, 1872)
J.V. Powell, ed.: Collectanea alexandrina (Oxford, 1925/R) [extant frags.]
A. Barker, ed.: Greek Musical Writings, ii: Harmonic and Acoustic Theory (Cambridge, 1989), 364–9
E. Hiller: ‘Der Platōnikos der Eratosthenes’, Philologus, xxx (1870), 60–72
E. Hiller, ed.: Theonis Smyrnaei philosophi Platonici: Expositio rerum mathematicarum ad legendum Platonem utilium (Leipzig, 1878/R)
G. Knaack: ‘Eratosthenes (4)’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft, vi (Stuttgart, 1909), 358–88
P. Tannéry: Mémoires scientifiques, iii (Toulouse and Paris, 1915), 68ff, 299ff
F. Jacoby: Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, ii/B (Berlin, 1929–30/R), §241, pp.1010–21
I. Düring, ed.: Porphyrios Kommentar zur Harmonielehre des Ptolemaios (Göteborg, 1932/R)
R.P. Winnington-Ingram: ‘Aristoxenus and the Intervals of Greek Music’, Classical Quarterly, xxvi (1932), 195–208
I. Düring, ed. and trans.: Ptolemaios und Porphyrios über die Musik (Göteborg, 1934), 177–8, 248ff
F. Solmsen: ‘Eratosthenes as Platonist and Poet’, Transactions of the American Philological Association, lxxiii (1942), 192–213
B.L. van der Waerden: ‘Die Harmonielehre der Pythagoreer’, Hermes, lxxviii (1943), 163–99
G.A. Keller: Eratosthenes und die alexandrinische Sterndichtung (Zürich, 1946)
R.M. Bentham: The Fragments of Eratosthenes (diss., U. of London, 1948)
J.M. Barbour: Tuning and Temperament: a Historical Survey (East Lansing, MI, 1951/R, 2/1953), v, 15ff
E.P. Wolfer: Eratosthenes von Kyrene als Mathematiker und Philosoph (Groningen, 1954)
W. Burkert: ‘Hellenistische Pseudopythagorica, II: Ein System der Sphärenharmonie’, Philologus, cv (1961), 228–43
H. Husmann: Grundlagen der antiken und orientalischen Musikkultur (Berlin, 1961), esp. 36ff
M. Vogel: Die Enharmonik der Griechen (Düsseldorf, 1963), i, esp. 33–4, 44–5
R. Pfeiffer: Geschichte der klassischen Philologie (Hamburg, 1970), 191ff [incl. extensive bibliography]
A. Barbera: ‘Arithmetic and Geometric Divisions of the Tetrachord’, JMT, xxii (1977), 294–323
Lukas Richter
~~~~~~~~~~~
Epithalamium
(Lat., from Gk.: ‘bride chamber’; It. epitalamio).
~~~~~~~~~
Dorian
Harold S. Powers
~~~~~
Dithyramb
(Gk. dithurambos).
A. Pickard-Cambridge: Dithyramb, Tragedy and Comedy (Oxford, 1927, rev. 2/1962 by T.B.L. Webster), 1–59
A. Pickard-Cambridge: The Dramatic Festivals of Athens (Oxford, 1953, rev. 2/1968 by J. Gould and D.M. Lewis)
H. Froning: Dithyrambos und Vasenmalerei in Athen (Würzburg, 1971)
B. Zimmermann: Dithyrambos: Geschichte einer Gattung (Göttingen, 1992)
B. Zimmermann: ‘Das Lied der Polis: zur Geschichte des Dithyrambos’, Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis: Nottingham 1990, ed. A.H. Sommerstein and others (Bari, 1993), 39–54
Maurice J.E. Brown/Denise Davidson Greaves
~~~~~~~~~~~
Dioxeian
(Gk.: ‘through a higher [note]’)
~~~~
Dionysus [Dionysos; Bacchus; Bakchos].
W.F. Otto: Dionysos: Mythos und Kultus (Frankfurt, 1933/R; Eng. trans., 1965)
W.K.C. Guthrie: Orpheus and Greek Religion (London, 1935, 2/1952/R), 110–18
M. Wegner: Das Musikleben der Griechen (Berlin, 1949), 19–22
W.K.C. Guthrie: The Greeks and their Gods (London, 1950, 2/1954/R), 145–82, 199–202
E.R. Dodds: The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1951)
H. Jeanmaire: Dionysos: histoire du culte de Bacchus (Paris, 1951, 2/1970)
G. Wille: Musica romana (Amsterdam, 1967), 53–66, 530–33
W. Burkert: Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart, 1977; Eng. trans., 1985)
M. Maas and J.M. Snyder: Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece(New Haven, CT, 1989)
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~
Diesis (ii)
(Gk.: ‘separation’)
~~~~~~~~~
diatonic
~~~
diatessaron
~~~~
diaphonia, diaphony
~~~~
Diapente
~~~
Diapente
~~~~
Daphnis
U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf: ‘Daphnis’, Reden und Voträge, i (Berlin, 4/1925), 259–91
E.A. Schmidt: ‘Die Leiden des verliebten Daphnis’, Hermes, xcvi (1968), 539–52
G. Wojaczek: Daphnis: Untersuchungen zur griechischen Bukolik (Meisenheim, 1969)
C.P. Segal: ‘“Since Daphnis Dies”: the Meaning of Theocritus' First Idyll’, Museum helveticum, xxxi (1974), 1–22
D.M. Halperin: Before Pastoral: Theocritus and the Ancient Tradition of Bucolic Poetry (New Haven, CT, 1983)
D.M. Halperin: ‘The Forebears of Daphnis’, Transactions of the American Philological Association, cxiii (1983), 183–200
R.L. Hunter, ed.: A Study of ‘Daphnis and Chloe’ (Cambridge, 1983)
G. Barber: Daphnis and Chloe: the Markets and Metamorphoses of an Unknown Bestseller (London, 1989)
B.D. MacQueen: Myth, Rhetoric, and Fiction: a Reading of Longus’s ‘Daphnis and Chloe’ (Lincoln, NE, 1990)
K.J. Gutzwiller: Theocritus’ Pastoral Analogies: the Formation of a Genre (Madison, WI, 1991)
Geoffrey Chew
~~~~~~
Dance
E. Kerr Borthwick
~~~~
Cymbals
~~~~
Cymbala
(Lat., from Gk. kumbalon).
F.V.M. Cumont: Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain (Paris, 1906, 4/1929; Eng. trans., 1911/R)
J. Smits van Waesberghe: Cymbala: Bells in the Middle Ages, MSD, i (1951)
G. Fleischhauer: Etrurien und Rom, Musikgeschichte in Bildern, ii/5 (Leipzig, 1964, 2/1978)
H. La Rue: ‘The Problem of the Cymbala’, GSJ, xxxv (1982), 86–99
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 170–71
James W. McKinnon (1), Hélène La Rue (2)
~~~~
Cybele [Kybēlē, Kybella, Kybelē, Kybēbē (Lydian);
Lat. Cybele, Cybebe, Cybela].
A. Nauck, ed.: Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta (Leipzig, 1865, 2/1899/R1964 with suppl. by B. Snell)
T. Kock, ed.: Comicorum atticorum fragmenta (Leipzig, 1880)
C. Sachs: Geist und Werden der Musikinstrumente (Berlin, 1929/R)
C.M. Bowra, ed.: Pindari carmina cum fragmentis (Oxford, 1935, 2/1947)
W.K.C. Guthrie: The Greeks and their Gods (London, 1950, 4/1956), 31, 59–60, 151–7
G. Wille: Musica romana (Amsterdam, 1967), 56–62, 393–4
J. Devreker: ‘Un instrument métroaque de plus dans le culte de Cybèle?’, Hommages à Marcel Renard, ed. J. Bibauw (Brussels, 1969), ii, 214–19
W. Fauth: ‘Kybele’, Der kleine Pauly, ed. K. Ziegler and W. Sontheimer, iii (Stuttgart, 1969), 383–9
G. Comotti: La musica nella cultura greca e romana (Turin, 1979, 2/1991); (Eng. trans., 1989), 72–5
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~
Crotala [crotales]
(Lat.; Gr. krotala).
M. Wegner: Griechenland, Musikgeschichte in Bildern, ii/4 (Leipzig, 1963, 2/1970)
G. Fleischhauer: Etrurien und Rom, Musikgeschichte in Bildern, ii/5 (Leipzig, 1964, 2/1978)
C. Ziegler: Les instruments de musique égyptiens au musée du Louvre (Paris, 1979)
M.L. West: Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992), 122–3
T.J. Mathiesen: Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 163–6
James W. McKinnon, Robert Anderson
~~~~~
Courtesans
~~~~
Cleonides [Kleoneidēs]
StrunkSR2, i, 35–46
C. von Jan, ed.: Musici scriptores graeci (Leipzig, 1895/R)
J. Solomon: Cleonides: Eisagōgē harmonikē: Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary (diss., U. of North Carolina, 1980)
J. Solomon: ‘The Diastaltic Ethos’, Classical Philology, lxxvi (1981), 93–100
Jon Solomon
Warren Anderson and Thomas J. Mathiesen.
~~~~
Clappers
F. Bianchina: De tribus generibus instrumentorum (Rome, 1742)
C. Sachs: Die Musikinstrumente des alten Ägyptens (Berlin, 1921)
H. Hickmann: Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire (Cairo, 1949)
S. Marcuse: A Survey of Musical Instruments (Newton Abbot, 1975)
R.D. Anderson: Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum, iii (London, 1976)
Musical Instruments of the World, ed. Diagram Group (London and New York, 1976)
C. Ziegler: Musée de Louvre … Catalogue des instruments de musique égyptiens (Paris, 1979)
James Blades, Robert Anderson
~~~~~
Chorus
Percy M. Young/James G. Smith
~~~~~
Chorēgia
H.W. Parke: Festivals of the Athenians (Ithaca, NY, 1977)
A. Pickard-Cambridge: The Dramatic Festivals of Athens (Oxford, 1953, rev. 2/1988 by J. Gould and D.M. Lewis)
E. Csapo and W.J. Slater: The Context of Ancient Drama (Ann Arbor, MI, 1995)
Denise Davidson Greaves
~~~~~
Greece, §I: Ancient
(iii) Manuscripts.
(bb) Several hymns addressed to the Muses, the sun and Nemesis (commonly attributed to Mesomedes) appear in a number of manuscripts, sometimes with vocal notation, sometimes without. No rhythmic notation is present, and the lines and notation are frequently garbled in the manuscript tradition. (Pöhlmann, nos.1–5; cf Mathiesen, L(i)1981)
(cc) Six short pieces in instrumental notation (with occasional rhythmic notes and stigmai) demonstrating various rhythmic patterns are provided in Bellermann's Anonymous. (Pöhlmann, nos.7–12)
(dd) Hē koinē hormasia, which appears in several manuscripts and exhibits an enigmatic table of notation, may provide a pattern for tuning a lyre in the Lydian tonos, but no fully convincing interpretation of this diagram has been offered. (Pöhlmann, no.6; cf Mathiesen, L(i)1981)
Bibliography
and other resources
This is a highly selective bibliography, with an emphasis on current literature; for further bibliography see the dictionary entries on the various authors and topics referred to in the text. Fuller bibliographies may also be found in the surveys listed in §B below.
A Manuscripts. B Surveys. C Encyclopedias. D Greek authors – texts, translations, commentaries (i) Collections (ii) Individual authors (selective list). E General accounts. F Greek musical life (including ethos and education). G Instruments. H Pythagorean theory and the harmony of the spheres. I Aristoxenus, Aristoxenians and Harmonicist theory. J Notation. K Rhythm, metre and dance. L Extant melos – collections and transcriptions: (i) Literature (ii) Recordings and videotape. M Influence and history of scholarship.
A: Manuscripts
T.J. Mathiesen : Ancient Greek Music Theory, RISM, B/XI (1988)
B: Surveys
Bibliographies, Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, xi (1877), 1–33 [covering the years 1873–7, ed. H. Buchholtz]; xv (1878), 149–70 [1877–8, ed. W. Velke]; xxviii (1881), 168–82 [1879–80, ed. H. Guhnauer]; xliv (1885), 1–35 [1881–4, ed. H. Guhnauer]; civ (1901), 1–75 [1884–99, ed. K. von Jan]; cxviii (1903), 212–35 [1899–1902, ed. E. Graf]; cxliv (1910), 1–74 [1903–8, ed. H. Abert]; cxciii (1923), 1–59 [1909–21, ed. H. Abert]; ccxlvi (1935), 1–42 [1921–31 and some later entries, ed. K.G. Fellerer]
R.P. Winnington-Ingram : ‘Ancient Greek Music, 1932–1957’, Lustrum, iii (1958), 6–57, 259–60
T.J. Mathiesen : A Bibliography of Sources for the Study of Ancient Greek Music (Hackensack, NJ, 1974)
H. Ōki : Répertoire de littérature musicale de la Grèce antique: 1958–1978 (Yokohama, 1981)
A.J. Neubecker : ‘Altgriechische Musik, 1958–1986’, Lustrum, xxxii (1990), 99–176
T.J. Mathiesen : Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 669–783
C: Encyclopedias
F. von Drieberg : Wörterbuch der griechischen Musik in ausführlichen Artikeln über Harmonik, Rhythmik, Metrik, Kanonik, Melopoie, Rhythmopoie, Theater, u.s.w. nach den Quellen neuarbeitet (Berlin, 1835)
S. Michaelides : The Music of Ancient Greece: an Encyclopaedia (London, 1978)
d: greek authors – texts, translations, commentaries
(i) Collections
StrunkSR2, i [trans. of excerpts from Plato’s Republic and Timaeus, Aristotle’s Politics, Athenaeus’s Sophists at Dinner, Aristides Quintilianus’s On Music, and the full treatises of Cleonides, Gaudentius, and Sextus Empiricus’s Against the Musicians]
J. van Meurs, ed.: Aristoxenus, Nicomachus, Alypius: auctores musices antiquissimi (Leiden, 1616) [Gk. texts]; repr., with Lat. trans. by M. Meibom, in van Meurs’s Opera omnia, vi (Florence, 1745), 335–528
M. Meibom, ed. and trans.: Antiquae musicae auctores septem (Amsterdam, 1652/R) [Gk. texts and Lat. trans., with copious annotations, for the treatises of Aristoxenus, Cleonides and the Division of the Canon (both attrib. Euclid in this edn), Nicomachus, Alypius, Gaudentius, Bacchius and Aristides Quintilianus; also incl. Lat. text for bk ix of Martianus Capella]
K. von Jan, ed.: Musici scriptores graeci: Aristoteles, Euclides, Nicomachus, Bacchius, Gaudentius, Alypius et melodiarum veterum quidquid exstat (Leipzig, 1895/R) [incl. texts for the Aristotelian Problems (and other passages from Aristotle), the Division of the Canon (attrib. Euclid), Cleonides, and the other authors listed in the title]
A. Barker, ed.: Greek Musical Writings (Cambridge, 1984–9) [vol.i: trans. of excerpts from Homer, Hesiod, the Homeric hymns, Pindar, lyric poetry, tragedy and comedy, Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle and the Aristotelian Problems, Theophrastus, Pseudo-Plutarch’s On Music; vol.ii: excerpts from Pythagorean writings, Plato, Aristotle and the Aristotelian Problems and On Things Heard, Theophrastus, minor authors quoted by Theon of Smyrna and Porphyry, and full teatises of Aristoxenus, the Division of the Canon, Nicomachus, Ptolemy, Aristides Quintilianus]
L. Zanoncelli, ed. and trans.: La manualistica musicale greca: [Euclide], Cleonide, Nicomaco, excerpta Nicomachi, Bacchio il Vecchio, Gaudenzio, Alipio, excerpta neapolitana (Milan, 1990) [incl. Gk. texts of Jan listed in the title, together with It. trans. and commentary]
(ii) Individual authors (selective list), not including editions and translations in the above collections
Alypius
C.E. Ruelle, trans.: Alypius et Gaudence ... Bacchius l’Ancien (Paris, 1895)
Anonymous (Bellermann's)
D. Najock, ed. and trans.: Anonyma de musica scripta Bellermanniana (Leipzig, 1975)
Aristides Quintilianus
R.P. Winnington-Ingram, ed.: Aristidis Quintiliani De musica libri tres (Leipzig, 1963)
T.J. Mathiesen, trans.: Aristides Quintilianus on Music in Three Books (New Haven, CT, 1983)
[Pseudo-]Aristotle
C.E. Ruelle, ed. and trans.: Problèmes musicaux d’Aristote (Paris, 1891)
F.A. Gevaert and J.C. Vollgraff, ed. and trans.: Problèmes musicaux d’Aristote (Ghent, 1903/R)
C.E. Ruelle, H. Knoellinger and J. Klek, eds.: Aristotelis quae feruntur Problemata physica (Leipzig, 1922)
W.S. Hett, trans.: Problems (London and Cambridge, MA, 1926–37, 2/1965–70)
Aristoxenus
C.E. Ruelle, ed. and trans.: Eléments harmoniques d’Aristoxène (Paris, 1871)
R. Westphal, ed. and trans.: Aristoxenos von Tarent: Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellentums (Leipzig, 1883–93/R)
H.S. Macran, ed. and trans.: The Harmonics of Aristoxenus (Oxford, 1902/R)
R. da Rios, ed. and trans.: Aristoxeni Elementa harmonica (Rome, 1954)
L. Rowell : ‘Aristoxenus on Rhythm’, JMT, xxiii (1979), 63–79
L. Pearson, ed. and trans.: Elementa rhythmica: the Fragment of Book II and the Additional Evidence for Aristoxenian Rhythmic Theory (Oxford, 1990)
Athenaeus
G. Kaibel, ed.: Athenaei Naucratitae Dipnosophistarum libri XV (Leipzig, 1887–90/R)
C.B. Gulick, ed. and trans.: The Deipnosophists (London and Cambridge, MA, 1927–41/R)
Bacchius
K. von Jan, ed. and trans.: Die Eisagoge des Bacchius (Strasbourg, 1890–91)
O. Steinmayer, trans.: ‘Bacchius Geron’s Introduction to the Art of Music ’, JMT, xxix (1985), 271–98
Boethius
G. Friedlein, ed.: Anicii Manlii Torquati Severini Boetii De institutione arithmetica libri duo, De institutione musica libri quinque (Leipzig, 1867/R)
O. Paul, ed. and trans.: Fünf Bücher über die Musik (Leipzig, 1972/R)
C. Bower, trans.: Fundamentals of Music (New Haven, CT, 1989)
Cleonides
C.E. Ruelle, ed. and trans.: L’introduction harmonique de Cléonide: La Division du canon d’Euclide le géomètre: Canons harmoniques de Florence (Paris, 1884)
J. Solomon, ed. and trans.: Cleonides: Eisagōgē harmonikē: Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary (diss., U. of North Carolina, 1980)
Dionysius
J.F. Bellermann, ed.: ‘Eisagōgē technēs mousikēs Bakcheiou tou gerontos’, Anonymi scriptio de musica (Berlin, 1841), 101–8
A.J.H. Vincent, trans.: ‘Introduction à l’art musical par Bacchius l’ancien’, Notice sur divers manuscrits grecs relatifs à la musique, avec une traduction française et des commentaires (Paris, 1847), 64–72
Euclid
T.J. Mathiesen, trans.: ‘An Annotated Translation of Euclid’s Division of a Monochord’, JMT, xix (1975), 236–58
A. Barbera, ed. and trans.: The Euclidean Division of the Canon: Greek and Latin Sources (Lincoln, NE, 1991)
Gaudentius
StrunkSR2, i
C.E. Ruelle, trans.: Alypius et Gaudence ... Bacchius l’Ancien (Paris, 1895)
Martianus Capella
A. Dick, ed.: Martianus Capella: De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii (Leipzig, 1925/R)
W.H. Stahl, R. Johnson and E.L. Burge, trans.: Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts (New York, 1977)
J. Willis, ed.: Martianus Capella (Leipzig, 1983)
Nicomachus
C.E. Ruelle, ed. and trans.: Nicomaque de Gérase: Manuel d’harmonique et autres textes relatifs à la musique (Paris, 1881)
F.R. Levin, trans.: The Manual of Harmonics of Nicomachus the Pythagorean (Grand Rapids, MI, 1994)
Philodemus
J. Kemke, ed.: Philodemi de musica librorum quae exstant (Leipzig, 1884)
G.M. Rispoli, ed. and trans.: Il primo libro del Peri mousikēs di Filodemo (Naples, 1969)
G.M. Rispoli : ‘Filodemo sulla musica’, Cronache ercolanesi, iv (1974), 57–84
A.J. Neubecker, ed. and trans.: Philodemus: Über die Musik IV. Buch (Naples, 1986)
D. Delattre : ‘Philodème, de la musique, livre IV’, Cronache ercolanesi, xix (1989), 49–143
Plato
J. Burnet, ed.: Platonis opera (Oxford, 1900–07/R)
H.N. Fowler and others, eds. and trans.: Plato (London and Cambridge, MA, 1914–35/R)
[Pseudo-]Plutarch
H. Weil and T. Reinach, eds. and trans.: Plutarque de la musique; Peri mousikēs (Paris, 1900)
F. Lasserre, ed. and trans.: Plutarque: De la musique (Olten, 1954)
K. Ziegler, ed.: Plutarchi Moralia, vi/3 (Leipzig, 1966)
B. Einarson and P.H. de Lacy, eds. and trans.: ‘On Music’, Plutarch’s Moralia, xiv (London and Cambridge, MA, 1967)
L. Gamberini, trans.: Plutarco ‘Della musica’ (Florence, 1979)
Porphyry
I. Düring, ed.: Porphyrios Kommentar zur Harmonielehre des Ptolemaios (Göteborg, 1932/R)
I. Düring, trans.: Ptolemaios und Porphyrios über die Musik (Göteborg, 1934/R)
Ptolemy
J. Wallis, ed.: Klaudiou Ptolemaiou harmonikon biblia g (Oxford, 1682/R)
I. Düring, ed.: Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios (Göteborg, 1930/R)
I. Düring, trans.: Ptolemaios und Porphyrios über die Musik (Göteborg, 1934/R)
Sextus Empiricus
C.E. Ruelle, ed. and trans.: Contre les musiciens (livre VI du traité contre les savants) (Paris, 1898)
R.G. Bury, trans.: ‘Against the Musicians’, Sextus Empiricus, iv (London and Cambridge, MA, 1949/R), 372–405
J. Mau, ed.: Sexti Empirici opera (Leipzig, 1954–62)
D.D. Greaves, ed. and trans.: Against the Musicians (Adversus musicos) (Lincoln, NE, 1986)
Theon of Smyrna
E. Hiller, ed.: Theonis Smyrnaei philosophi platonici: Expositio rerum mathematicarum ad legendum Platonem utilium (Leipzig, 1878/R)
J. Dupuis, trans.: Théon de Smyrne, philosophe platonicien: Exposition des connaissances mathématiques utiles pour la lecture de Platon (Paris, 1892/R; Eng. trans., 1979, as Mathematics Useful for Understanding Plato)
Theophrastus
A. Hort, ed. and trans.: Enquiry into Plants and Minor Works on Odours and Weather Signs (London, 1916)
E: General accounts
F.A. Gevaert : Histoire et théorie de la musique de l’antiquité (Ghent, 1875–81/R)
A. Rossbach and R. Westphal : Theorie der musischen Künste der Hellenen, i–iii (Leipzig, 3/1885–9/R)
L. Laloy : Aristoxène de Tarente, disciple d’Aristote, et la musique de l’antiquité (Paris, 1904)
T. Reinach : La musique grecque (Paris, 1926)
W. Vetter : Antike Musik (Munich, 1935)
C. Sachs : The Rise of Music in the Ancient World: East and West (New York, 1943)
M. Wegner : Das Musikleben der Griechen (Berlin, 1949)
F. Behn : Musikleben im Altertum und frühen Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1954)
I. Düring : ‘Greek Music: its Fundamental Features and its Significance’, Journal of World History, iii (1956), 302–29
I. Henderson : ‘Ancient Greek Music’, NOHM, i (1957), 336–403
H. Husmann : Grundlagen der antiken und orientalischen Musikkultur (Berlin, 1961)
L. Gamberini : La parola e la musica nell’antichità, confronto fra documenti musicali antichi e dei primi secoli del Medioevo (Florence, 1962)
H. Koller : Musik und Dichtung im alten Griechenland (Berne, 1963)
G. Wille : Musica romana: die Bedeutung der Musik im Leben der Römer (Amsterdam, 1967)
A.J. Neubecker : Altgriechische Musik: eine Einführung (Darmstadt, 1977)
G. Wille : Einführung in das römische Musikleben (Darmstadt, 1977)
J. Chailley : La musique grecque antique (Paris, 1979)
G. Comotti : La musica nella cultura greca e romana (Turin, 1979; Eng. trans., rev., 1989)
La musica in Grecia: Urbino 1985
A. Riethmüller and F. Zaminer, eds.: Die Musik des Altertums (Laaber, 1989)
M.L. West : Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992)
W.D. Anderson : Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece (Ithaca, NY, 1994)
J.G. Landels : Music in Ancient Greece and Rome (London, 1999)
T.J. Mathiesen : Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE, 1999)
F: Greek musical life (including ethos and education)
H. Abert : Die Lehre vom Ethos in der griechischen Musik (Leipzig, 1899/R)
E.M. von Hornbostel : ‘Tonart und Ethos’, Musikwissenschaftliche Beiträge: Festschrift für Johannes Wolf, ed. W. Lott, H. Osthoff and W. Wolffheim (Berlin, 1929/R), 73–8
G. Pietzsch : Die Musik im Erziehungs- und Bildungsideal des ausgehenden Altertums und frühen Mittelalters (Halle, 1932/R)
L. Harap : ‘Some Hellenic Ideas on Music and Character’, MQ, xxiv (1938), 153–68
O. Tiby : La musica in Grecia e a Roma (Florence, 1942)
H.I. Marrou : Histoire de l’éducation dans l’antiquité (Paris, 1948; Eng trans., 1956)
E.K. Borthwick : The Influence of Music on Greek Life and Thought (diss., U. of Cambridge, 1952)
H. Koller : Die Mimesis in der Antike (Berne, 1954)
P. Moraux : ‘La “mimesis” dans les théories anciennes de la danse, de la musique, et de la poésie’, Etudes classiques, xxiii (1955), 3–13
A.J. Neubecker : Die Bewertung der Musik bei Stoikern und Epikureern: eine Analyse von Philodems Schrift De musica (Berlin, 1956)
L. Richter : Zur Wissenschaftslehre von der Musik bei Platon und Aristoteles (Berlin, 1961)
E.A. Lippman : ‘The Sources and Development of the Ethical View of Music in Ancient Greece’, MQ, xlix (1963), 188–209
E.A. Lippman : Musical Thought in Ancient Greece (New York, 1964)
W.D. Anderson : Ethos and Education in Greek Music (Cambridge, MA, 1966)
E.A. Lippman : ‘The Place of Music in the System of Liberal Arts’, Aspects of Medieval and Renaissance Music: a Birthday Offering to Gustave Reese, ed. J. LaRue (New York, 1966), 545–59
J.G. López : ‘Sobre el vocabulario etico-musical del Griego’, Emerita, xxxvii (1969), 335–52
T.J. Mathiesen : ‘Problems of Terminology in Ancient Greek Theory: harmonia ’, Festival Essays for Pauline Alderman, ed. B. Karson (Provo, UT, 1976), 3–17
C. Lord : Education and Culture in the Political Thought of Aristotle (Ithaca, NY, 1982)
T.J. Mathiesen : ‘Harmonia and Ethos in Ancient Greek Music’, JM, iii (1984), 264–79
K. Ioannides : ‘L’éthos musical chez Platon’, Philosophia, xv–xvi (1985–6), 254–65
T.J. Mathiesen : ‘Music, Aesthetics, and Cosmology in Early Neo-Platonism’, Paradigms in Medieval Thought: Applications in Medieval Disciplines: Northridge, CA, 1987, ed. N. van Deusen and A.E. Ford (Lewiston, NY, 1990), 37–64
A. Scheithauer : ‘Musik, musikalische Bildung und soziales Ansehen im frühen Griechentum’, AMw, liii (1996), 1–20
G: Instruments
SachsH
A.A. Howard : ‘The Aulos or Tibia’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, iv (1893), 1–60
H. Huchzermeyer : Aulos und Kithara in der griechischen Musik bis zum Ausgang der klassischen Zeit (nach den literarischen Quellen) (Emsdetten, 1931)
K. Schlesinger : The Greek Aulos (London, 1939)
M. Wegner : Die Musikinstrumente des alten Orients (Münster, 1950)
J.G. Landels : Ancient Greek Musical Instruments of the Woodwind Family (diss., U. of Hull, 1961)
M. Wegner : Griechenland, Musikgeschichte in Bildern, ii/4 (Leipzig, 1963, 2/1970)
H. Becker : Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der antiken und mittelalterlichen Rohrblattinstrumente (Hamburg, 1966)
J.G. Landels : ‘Ship-Shape and Sambuca-Fashion’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, lxxxvi (1966), 69–77
E.W. Bushala : ‘Rhoptron as a Musical Instrument’, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, x (1969), 169–72
H. Hickmann : ‘Eine Sonderform des griechischen Sistrums’, Musa – mens – musici: im Gedenken an Walther Vetter, ed. H. Wegener (Leipzig, 1969), 27–8
H. Hickmann : ‘Der Skindapsos: ein Nachtrag zur Terminologie antiker Saiteninstrumente’, Speculum musicae artis: Festgabe für Heinrich Husmann, ed. H. Becker and R. Gerlach (Munich, 1970)
H.D. Roberts : Ancient Greek Stringed Instruments, 700–200 B.C. (diss., U. of Reading, 1974)
M.A. Schatkin : ‘Idiophones of the Ancient World’, Jb für Antike und Christentum, xxi (1978), 147–72
E. Keuls : ‘The Apulian “Xylophone”: a Mysterious Musical Instrument Identified’, American Journal of Archaeology, lxxxiii (1979), 476–7
J.M. Snyder : ‘ Aulos and Kithara on the Greek Stage’, Panathenaia: Studies in Athenian Life and Thought in the Classical Age, ed. T. Gregory and A. Podlecki (Lawrence, KS, 1979), 75–95
L. Vorreiter : Die schönsten Musikinstrumente des Altertums (Frankfurt, 1983)
D. Paquette : L’instrument de musique dans la céramique de la Grèce antique: études d’organologie (Paris, 1984)
A. Bélis : ‘Auloi grecs du Louvre’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, cviii (1984), 111–22
A. Barker : ‘Che cos’era la “mágadis”?’, La musica in Grecia: Urbino 1985, 96–107
A. Bélis : ‘A propos de la construction de la lyre’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, cix (1985), 201–20
M. Di Giulio : ‘Iconografia degli strumenti musicali nell’arte apula’, La musica in Grecia: Urbino 1985, 108–20
A. Bélis : ‘La phorbéia’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, cx (1986), 205–18
A. Bélis : ‘L’aulos phrygien’, Revue archéologique, xlviii (1986), 21–40
A. Bélis : ‘ Kroupezai, scabellum’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, cxii (1988), 323–39
M. Maas and J.M. Snyder : Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece (New Haven, CT, 1989)
M.J. Kartomi : On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments (Chicago, 1990)
D. Restani : ‘Dionysos tra aulos e kithara: un percorso di iconografia musicale’, Dionysos: mito e mistero: Comacchio 1989, ed. F. Berti (Ferrara, 1991), 379–95
M. Maas : ‘Polychordia and the Fourth-Century Greek Lyre’, JM, x (1992), 74–88
H: Pythagorean theory and the harmony of the spheres
E. Frank : Plato und die sogennanten Pythagoreer: ein Kapitel aus die Geschichte des griechischen Geistes (Halle, 1923)
B.L. van der Waerden : ‘Die Harmonielehre der Pythagoreer’, Hermes, lxxviii (1943), 163–99
G. Junge : ‘Die Sphärenharmonie und die pythagoreisch-platonische Zahlenlehre’, Classica et mediaevalia, ix (1947), 183–94
J. Handschin : ‘The Timaeus Scale’, MD, iv (1950), 3–42
M. Vogel : ‘Die drei Tongeschlechter des Archytas’, GfMKB: Hamburg 1956, 233–5
O. Becker : ‘Frühgriechische Mathematik und Musiklehre’, AMw, xiv (1957), 156–64
J. Handschin : ‘Die Lehre von der Sphärenharmonie’, Gedenkschrift Jacques Handschin (Berne and Stuttgart, 1957), 359–64
B. Kytzler : ‘Die Weltseele und der musikalische Raum (Platons Timaios 35a ff.)’, Hermes, lxxxvii (1959), 393–414
E. Moutsopoulos : La musique dans l’oeuvre de Platon (Paris, 1959)
G. Arnoux : Musique platonicienne, âme du monde (Paris, 1960)
K. von Fritz : Mathematiker und Akusmatiker bei den alten Pythagoreern (Munich, 1960)
W. Burkert : Weisheit und Wissenschaft: Studien zu Pythagoras, Philolaos und Platon (Nuremberg, 1962, Eng. trans., 1972, as Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism)
E. Moutsopoulos : ‘Dialectique musicale et dialectique philosophique chez Platon’, Annales de la Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines d’Aix, xxxvii (1963), 159–63
R. Crocker : ‘Pythagorean Mathematics and Music’, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, xxii (1963–4), 189–98, 325–35
R. Haase : Geschichte des harmonikalen Pythagoreismus (Vienna, 1969)
E.G. McClain : ‘Plato’s Musical Cosmology’, Main Currents in Modern Thought, xxx (1973), 34–42
F.R. Levin : The Harmonics of Nicomachus and the Pythagorean Tradition (University Park, PA, 1975)
E.G. McClain : ‘A New Look at Plato’s Timaeus ’, Music and Man, i (1975), 341–60
E.G. McClain : The Pythagorean Plato: Prelude to the Song Itself (Stony Brook, NY, 1978)
F. Zaminer : ‘Pythagoras und die Anfänge des musiktheoretischen Denkens bei den Griechen’, JbSIM (1979–80), 203–11
A. Barbera : The Persistence of Pythagorean Mathematics in Ancient Musical Thought (diss., U. of North Carolina, 1980)
G. Jahoda : ‘Die Tonleiter des Timaios: Bild und Abbild’, Festschrift Rudolf Haase, ed. W. Schulze (Eisenstadt, 1980), 43–80
A. Barbera : ‘Republic 530C–531C: Another Look at Plato and the Pythagoreans’, American Journal of Philology, cii (1981), 395–410
A.C. Bowen : ‘The Foundations of Early Pythagorean Harmonic Science: Archytas, Fragment 1’, Ancient Philosophy, ii (1982), 79–104
A. Barbera : ‘The Consonant Eleventh and the Expansion of the Musical Tetraktys’, JMT, xxviii (1984), 191–224
A. Barbera : ‘Placing Sectio canonis in Historical and Philosophical Contexts’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, civ (1984), 157–61
A. Bowen : ‘Euclid’s sectio canonis and the History of Pythagoreanism’, Science and Philosophy in Classical Greece (New York, 1991), 164–87
A. Barker : ‘Ptolemy’s Pythagoreans, Archytas, and Plato’s Conception of Mathematics’, Phronesis, xxxix (1994), 113–35
I: Aristoxenus, Aristoxenians and harmonicist theory
D.B. Monro : The Modes of Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1894)
R.P. Winnington-Ingram : ‘Aristoxenus and the Intervals of Greek Music’, Classical Quarterly, xxvi (1932), 195–208
R.P. Winnington-Ingram : Mode in Ancient Greek Music (Cambridge, 1936/R)
O. Gombosi : Die Tonarten und Stimmungen der antiken Musik (Copenhagen, 1939/R)
A. Auda : Les gammes musicales: essai historique sur les modes et sur les tons de la musique depuis l’antiquité jusqu’à l’époque moderne (Woluwé-St Pierre, 1947)
L. Richter : ‘Die Aufgaben der Musiklehre nach Aristoxenos und Klaudios Ptolemaios’, AMw, xv (1958), 209–29
J. Chailley : L’imbroglio des modes (Paris, 1960)
M. Vogel : Die Enharmonik der Griechen (Düsseldorf, 1963)
R. Crocker : ‘Aristoxenus and Greek Mathematics’, Aspects of Medieval and Renaissance Music: a Birthday Offering to Gustave Reese, ed. J. LaRue (New York, 1966), 96–110
J. Chailley : ‘Nicomaque, Aristote et Terpandre devant la transformation de l’heptachorde grec en octocorde’, Yuval, i (1968), 132–54
F.R. Levin : ‘Synesis in Aristoxenian Theory’, Transactions of the American Philological Association, ciii (1972), 211–34
A. Barker : ‘ Hoi kaloumenoi harmonikoi: the Predecessors of Aristoxenus’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, xxiv (1978), 1–21
A. Barker : ‘Music and Perception: a Study in Aristoxenus’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, xcviii (1978), 9–16
A. Barbera : ‘Octave Species’, JM, iii (1984), 229–41
A. Barker : ‘Aristoxenus’ Theorems and the Foundations of Harmonic Science’, Ancient Philosophy, iv (1984), 23–64
J. Solomon : ‘Towards a History of Tonoi ’, JM, iii (1984), 242–51
A. Bélis : ‘La théorie de l’âme chez Aristoxène de Tarente’, Revue de philologie, de littérature et d’histoire anciennes, lix (1985), 239–46
A. Bélis : Aristoxène de Tarente et Aristote: le Traité d’harmonique (Paris, 1986)
M. Litchfield : ‘Aristoxenus and Empiricism: a Reevaluation Based on his Theories’, JMT, xxxii (1988), 51–73
L.E. Rossi : ‘POxy9 + POxy 2687: trattato ritmico-metrico’, Aristoxenica, Menandrea, fragmenta philosophica, ed. F. Adorna (Florence, 1988), 11–30
A. Barker : ‘Aristoxenus’ Harmonics and Aristotle’s Theory of Science’, Science and Philosophy in Classical Greece, ed. A.C. Bowen (New York, 1991), 188–226
J: Notation
J.F. Bellermann : Die Tonleitern und Musiknoten der Griechen (Berlin, 1847)
C. Sachs : ‘Die griechische Instrumentalnotenschrift’, ZMw, vi (1923–4), 289–301
C. Sachs : ‘Die griechische Gesangsnotenschrift’, ZMw, vii (1924–5), 1–5
G. Pighi : ‘Ricerche sulla notazione ritmica greca’, Aegyptus, xxi (1941), 189–220; xxiii (1943), 169–243; xxxix (1959), 280–89
J.M. Barbour : ‘The Principles of Greek Notation’, JAMS, xiii (1960), 1–17
A. Bataille : ‘Remarques sur les deux notations mélodiques de l’ancienne musique grecque’, Recherches de papyrologie, i (1961), 5–20
J. Chailley : ‘Nouvelles remarques sur les deux notations musicales grecques’, Recherches de papyrologie, iv (1967), 201–16
J. Chailley : ‘La notation archaïque grecque d’après Aristide Quintilien’, Revue des études grecques, lxxxvi (1973), 17–34
R.P. Winnington-Ingram : ‘The First Notational Diagram of Aristides Quintilianus’, Philologus, cxvii (1973), 243–9
R.P. Winnington-Ingram : ‘Two Studies in Greek Musical Notation’, Philologus, cxxii (1978), 237–48
D. Jourdan-Hemmerdinger : ‘La date de la “notation vocale” d’Alypios’, Philologus, cxxv (1981), 299–303
E. Pöhlmann : ‘Zur Frühgeschichte der Überlieferung griechischer Bühnendichtung und Bühnenmusik’, Beiträge zur antiken und neueren Musikgeschichte (Frankfurt, 1988), 23–40
K: Rhythm, metre and dance
R. Westphal : Die Fragmente und die Lehrsätze der griechischen Rhythmiker (Leipzig, 1861)
R. Westphal : Griechische Rhythmik und Harmonik nebst der Geschichte der drei musischen Disziplinen (Leipzig, 1867)
C. del Grande : Sviluppo musicale dei metri greci (Naples, 1927)
L. Séchan : La danse grecque antique (Paris, 1930)
W.J.W. Koster : Rhythme en metrum bij de Grieken van Damon tot Aristoxenus (Groningen, 1940)
T. Georgiades : Der griechische Rhythmus: Musik, Reigen, Vers und Sprachen (Hamburg, 1949/R; Eng. trans., 1956/R, as Greek Music, Verse and Dance)
J. Dewaele : ‘Une genèse difficile: la notation de “rhythme”’, Archives internationales d’histoire des sciences, vi (1953), 420–29
H. Husmann : ‘Zu Metrik und Rhythmik des Mesomedes’, Hermes, lxxxiii (1955), 231–6
P. Moraux : ‘La “mimesis” dans les théories anciennes de la danse, de la musique, et de la poésie’, Etudes classiques, xxiii (1955), 3–13
T. Georgiades : Musik und Rhythmus bei den Griechen (Hamburg, 1958)
L.B. Lawler : The Dance in Ancient Greece (London and Middletown, CT, 1964)
G. Prudhommeau : La danse grecque antique (Paris, 1965)
M. Wegner : Musik und Tanz (Göttingen, 1968)
G. Pighi : Studi di ritmica e metrica (Turin, 1970)
W.J.W. Koster : ‘Quelques remarques sur l’étude de rythmique Ox. Pap. 2687(9)’, Revue des études grecques, lxxxv (1972), 47–56
J.W. Fitton : ‘Greek Dance’, Classical Quarterly, new ser., xxiii (1973), 254–74
H. and H. Huchzermeyer : ‘Die Bedeutung des Rhythmus in der Musiktherapie der Griechen von der Frühzeit bis zum Beginn des Hellenismus’, Sudhoffs archivalische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, lviii (1974), 113–48
T.J. Mathiesen : ‘Rhythm and Meter in Ancient Greek Music’, Music Theory Spectrum, vii (1985), 159–80
M.W. Haslam : ‘3707: Treatise on Meters’, Oxyrhynchus papyri, liii (1986), 56–60 and pl.7
B. Gentili and F. Perusino, eds.: Mousike: metrica ritmica e musica greca in memoria di Giovanni Comotti (Pisa and Rome, 1995)
l: extant ‘melos’ – collections and transcriptions
(i) Literature
K. von Jan, ed.: Musici scriptores graeci: supplementum melodiarum reliquiae (Leipzig, 1899/R)
T. Reinach : Les hymnes delphiques à Apollon avec notes musicales (Paris, 1912)
J.F. Mountford : ‘Greek Music in the Papyri and Inscriptions’, New Chapters in the History of Greek Literature: Second Series, ed. J.U. Powell and E.A. Barber (Oxford, 1929), 148–83
E. Pöhlmann : Griechische Musikfragmente: ein Weg zur altgriechischen Musik (Nuremberg, 1960)
M.L. West : ‘Two Notes on Delphic Inscriptions’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, ii (1968), 176 only
E. Pöhlmann : Denkmäler altgriechischer Musik (Nuremberg, 1970) [transcrs. and analyses of most of the extant pieces]
A.W.J. Hollerman : ‘The Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 1786 and the Relationship between Ancient Greek and Early Christian Music’, Vigiliae christianae, xxvi (1972), 1–17
M.W. Haslam, ed.: ‘3161 and 3162: Texts with Musical Notation’, Oxyrhynchus papyri, xliv (1976), 58–72, pls.VI–VII
J. Solomon : ‘ Orestes 344–45: Colometry and Music’, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, xviii (1977), 71–83
D. Jourdan-Hemmerdinger : ‘Le nouveau papyrus d’Euripide: qu’apporte-t-il à la théorie et à l’histoire de la musique?’, Les sources en musicologie: Orléans 1979, 35–65
T.J. Mathiesen : ‘New Fragments of Ancient Greek Music’, AcM, liii (1981), 14–32
A. Bélis : ‘A proposito degli “Inni delfici”’, La musica in Grecia: Urbino 1985, 205–18
J. Solomon : ‘The New Musical Fragment from Epidaurus’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, cv (1985), 168–71
M.K. Černý : ‘Druhý zhudebněný fragment z Euripida’ [The second fragment of Euripides with music], Listy filologické, cix (1986), 132–40
M.W. Haslam, ed.: ‘3704 and 3705: Texts with Musical Notation’, Oxyrhynchus papyri, liii (1986), 41–8 and pls.II, IV, VI
J. Solomon : ‘The Seikilos Inscription: a Theoretical Analysis’, American Journal of Philology, cvii (1986), 455–79
M.L. West : ‘The Singing of Hexameters: Evidence from Epidaurus’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, lxiii (1986), 39–46
M.L. West : ‘Analecta musica’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, xcii (1992), 1–54
M.L. West : Ancient Greek Music (Oxford, 1992)
M.L. West, ed.: ‘III: Texts with Musical Notation’, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, lxxxv (1998), 81–102 and pls.XII–XIV
(ii) Recordings and videotape
The Theory of Classical Greek Music, F.A. Kuttner and J.M. Barbour, Musurgia Records, Theory Ser., A/1 (1955)
Musique de la Grèce antique, Atrium musicae de Madrid, cond. G. Paniagua, Harmonia Mundi HM 1015 (1978)
La musique grecque antique, videotape, dir. H. Oki (Yokahama, 1990)
Music of Ancient Greece, cond. C. Hilaris, Orata ORANGM 2013 (1992)
Music of the Ancient Greeks, De organographia, Pandourion 1001 (1995)
Musiques de l’antiquité grecque, Ensemble Kérylos, cond. A. Bélis, K617069 (1996)
M: Influence and history of scholarship
F.A. Gevaert : La mélopée antique dans le chant de l’église latine: suite et complément de l’histoire et théorie de la musique de l’antiquité (Ghent, 1895/R)
H. Abert : Die Musikanschauung des Mittelalters und ihre Grundlagen (Halle, 1905/R)
H.G. Farmer : ‘Greek Theorists of Music in Arabic Translation’, Isis, xiii (1930), 325–33
W. Vetter : ‘Zur Erforschung der antiken Musik’, Festschrift Max Schneider zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. H.J. Zingel (Halle, 1935), 137–46
K.G. Fellerer : ‘Zur Erforschung der antiken Musik im 16.–18. Jahrhundert’, JbMP 1936, 84–95
R. Wagner : ‘Zum Wiederaufleben der antiken Musikschriftsteller seit dem 16. Jahrhundert: ein Beitrag zur Frage Kircher oder Pindar’, Philologus, xci (1936), 161–73
F.B. Turrell : Modulation: an Outline of its Prehistory from Aristoxenus to Henry Glarean (diss., U. of Southern California, 1956)
I. Düring : ‘Impact of Greek Music on Western Civilization’, International Congress of Classical Studies II: Copenhagen 1954 (Copenhagen, 1958), 169–84
E. Wellesz : A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography (Oxford, 2/1961) [incl. copious material on ancient Greek music and music theory]
L. Richter : ‘Antike Überlieferungen in der byzantinischen Musiktheorie’, DJbM, vi (1962), 75–115
E. Pöhlmann : ‘Antikenverständnis und Antikenmissverständnis in der Operntheorie der Florentiner Camerata’, Mf, xxii (1969), 5–13
F. Zaminer : ‘Griechische Musiktheorie und das Problem ihrer Rezeption’, Über Musiktheorie: Berlin 1970, 9–14
A. Holbrook : The Concept of Musical Consonance in Greek Antiquity and its Application in the Earliest Medieval Descriptions of Polyphony (diss., U. of Washington, 1983)
T.J. Mathiesen : ‘Aristides Quintilianus and the Harmonics of Manuel Bryennius: a Study in Byzantine Music Theory’, JMT, xxvii (1983), 31–47
C.V. Palisca : Humanism in Italian Renaissance Musical Thought (New Haven, CT, 1985)
C.V. Palisca : The Florentine Camerata: Documentary Studies and Translations (New Haven, CT, 1989)
A. Barbera : ‘Reconstructing Lost Byzantine Sources for MSS Vat.BAV gr.2338 and Ven.BNM gr.VI.3: What is an Ancient Treatise?’, Music Theory and its Sources: Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Notre Dame, IN, 1987, ed. A. Barbera (Notre Dame, IN, 1990), 38–67
T.J. Mathiesen : ‘Ars critica and Fata libellorum: the Significance of Codicology to Text Critical Theory’, ibid., 19–37
D. Restani : L’itinerario di Girolamo Mei dalla ‘poetica’ alla musica, con un’appendice di testi (Florence, 1990)
T.J. Mathiesen : ‘Hermes or Clio? The Transmission of Ancient Greek Music Theory’, Musical Humanism and its Legacy: Essays in Honor of Claude V. Palisca, ed. N.K. Baker and B.R. Hanning (Stuyvesant, NY, 1992), 3–35
A.E. Moyer : Musica scientia: Musical Scholarship in the Italian Renaissance (Ithaca, NY, 1992)
Thomas J. Mathiesen
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Apollo
A. Fleury: ‘L'hymne à Apollon retrouvé à Delphes et la musique religieuse’, Etudes religieuses, philosophiques, historiques et littéraires, lxii (1894), 318–21
T. Reinach: Les hymnes delphiques à Apollon avec notes musicales (Paris, 1912)
E.E. Britt: La lyre d'Apollon (Paris, 1931)
W.K.C. Guthrie: The Greeks and their Gods (London, 1950, 2/1954/R), 73–87, 183–204
J. Duchemin: La houlette et la lyre, i: Hermès et Apollon (Paris, 1960)
H. Hommel: ‘Das Apollonorakel in Didyma: Pflege alter Musik im spätantiken Gottesdienst’, Festschrift für Friedrich Smend zum 70. Geburtstag (Berlin, 1963), 7–18
H. Koller: ‘Apollon Musagetes’, Musik und Dichtung im alten Griechenland (Berne and Munich, 1963), 58–78
G. Wille: Musica romana (Amsterdam, 1967), 515–20, 533–6
W. Burkert: Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart, 1977; Eng. trans., 1985)
L. Vorreiter: ‘Apollon-, Orpheus-, und Thamyris-Lyren’, Archiv für Musikorganologie, ii (1977), 113–33
For further bibliography see Greece, §I.
Warren Anderson/Thomas J. Mathiesen
Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht/Marie Louise Göllner
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