Zambelis Spyros
Παλαιό Μέλος
Musical Syncretism in the Greek Orientalizing Period
John Curtis Franklin
''Moreover, the Old Babylonian ‘Retuning Text’(UET 7/74), with its seven tunings arranged in acyclical scheme, seems to predict the Perfect System (...) documented in the Elementa Harmonica of Aristoxenus, Aristotle’s cantankerous colleague and inhouse musicologist.5 Despite a number of generalities about probable Eastern influence on Greek music, we are stilll acking a satisfactory explanation of these parallels.6 A detailed correlation is beyond the scope ofthis paper; I hope rather to clarify the historical background against which a Greco-Mesopotamian musical relationship may be understood, prefatory to a larger study in preparation. Many scholars accept intuitively some connection between the two traditions. It is certain however that the Perfect System was a relatively recentinvention, pioneered in the later fifth century by harmonists like Eratocles whose works are lost, but whose contributions were still clearly recalled by Aristoxenus.7 Any relationship between Greek music and the Mesopotamian system will have been more remote, and such evidence as theremight be should be sought in much earlier sources.The problem here is that, the farther one retreats from the Classical period – itself all too murky –into the Archaic, there is less and less evidence.The material that we do have is badly jumbled and contradictory.Yet one figure who stands out is Terpander, the gleeman of Lesbos who flourished in the early seventh century.8 This four time victor at the Pythian festival was associated with a number of changes in the stringing of the Greek lyre, the most famous of which was to increase its strings from four to seven. [...]''
BIBLIOGRAPHY/WRITTEN SOURCES
Aelian, Varia Historia, ed. R. Hircher. Leipzig 1864–1867. Alcman. See Page 1962 .Alexander Polyhistor. Fragmenta, ed. F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker Leiden, 1923, 273.ALLEN, T. W./HALLIDAY, W. R./SIKES, E. E. 1936 The Homeric Hymns. Oxford.ANDERSON, W.D. 1966 Ethos and Education in Greek Music. Cambridge/Mass.ANDERSON, W. D. 1994 Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece. Ithaca and London. Anonymus Bellermanni. D. Najock (ed.) 1975, Anonyma de musica scripta Bellermanniana. Leipzig. Aristides Quintilianus, De musica libri tres, ed. R.P. Winnington-Ingram. Leipzig, 1963. Aristotle, Metaphysica, ed. W. Jaeger. Oxford,1958.Ps.-Aristotle, Problemata. See Jan 1895.Aristoxenus, Elementa Harmonica, ed. R. Da Rios. Rome 1954. Aristoxenus, fragmenta, ed. F. Wehrli, Die Schuledes Aristoteles, vol. 2 Aristoxenus. Basel, 1967. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistarum libri XV, ed.G. Kaibel, 3 vols. Leipzig, 1867. AUBET, M. 1993 The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade. Cambridge. Bacchylides, ed. B. Snell/H. Maehler. Leipzig, 1970.BARKER, A. 1984–1989 Greek Musical Writings, 2 volumes. Cam-bridge .BARKER, A. 1978 Hoi Kaloumenoi Harmonikoi: The Predeces sors of Aristoxenus. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 24, 1–21.BRAUN, T. F. R. G. 1982 The Greeks in the Near East. In: J. Boardman/N. G. L. Hammond (eds.), The Cam-bridge Ancient History. Volume III Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C. Cambridge. 1–31.BURKERT, W. 1992 The Orientalizing Epoch. Cambridge, Mass. BURKERT, W. 1972 Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism.Trans. E. L. Minar Jr. Cambridge, Mass.CHAILLEY, J. 1968 Nicomaque, Aristote et Terpandre devant latransformation de l’heptacorde grec en octocorde. Yuval 1, 132–154.Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, ed. O. Staehlin.Leipzig, 1905–1909.Cleonides, Isagoge. See Jan 1895. CROCKER, R. L. 1997 Mesopotamian Tonal Systems. Iraq 59, 175–88.CULICAN, W. 1991 Phoenicia and Phoneician colonization. In: J.Boardman et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History. Volume III Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Cen-turies B.C. Cambridge. 162–193. DEUBNER, L. 1930Terpander und die siebensaitige Leier. Philologische Wochenschrift 50, 1566–67. DEUBNER, L. 1929Die viersaitige Leier. Athenische Mitteilungen 54, 194–200.Dio Chrysostomum, ed. Guy de Budé. Leipzig,1916–1919. DUCHESNE-GUILLEMIN, M. 1967 Survivance orientale dans la designation descordes de la lyre en Grèce? Syria 44, 233–246. Euclid, Sectio Canonis. See Jan 1895. Euripides, Rhesus, ed. J. Diggle. Oxford, 1981–1994.FARMER, H. G. 1957 The Music of Ancient Mesopotamia. In:E. Wellesz (ed.), New Oxford History of Mu-sic. Vol. 1: Ancient and Oriental Music. Lon-don. 228–254.GOMBOSI, O. J. 1939 Tonarten und Stimmungen der antiken Music. Copenhagen. GOSTOLI, A. 1990.Terpandro: Introduzione, testimonianze, testocritico, traduzione e commento. Rome. GURNEY, O. R./WEST, M. L. 1998 Mesopotamian Tonal Systems: A Reply. Iraq 60, 223–227. GURNEY, O. R. 1994 Babylonian Music Again. Iraq 56, 101–106.GURNEY, O. R. 1968 An Old Babylonian Treatise of the Tuning ofthe Harp. Iraq 30, 229–33. Heraclides Ponticus, fragments, ed. F. Wehrli, Die Schule des Aristoteles, vol. 7 Aristoxenus. Basel, 1969. Hibeh Papyrus (P. Hibeh 13). See WEST 1992b. Homeric Hymns. See ALLEN/HALLIDAY/SIKES1936. JAN, K. VON 1895 Musici scriptores Graeci: Aristoteles, Euclides,Nicomachus, Bacchius, Gaudentius, Alypius. Leipzig. JANKO, R. 1982 Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns: Diachronic development in epic diction. Cambridge. KILMER, A. D. 1994 See Musik. A. Philologisch. In: Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Berlin and New York. Volume 8,463–82. KILMER, A. D. 1971The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian theory of music. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 115, 131–49. KILMER, A. D. 1965The Strings of Musical Instruments: their Names, Numbers and Significance. Assyrio-logical Studies 16, 261–268. KILMER, A. D. 1960 Two New Lists of Key Numbers for Mathematical Operations. Orientalia 29, 273–308. KÜMMEL, H.M. 1970 Zur Stimmung der babylonischen Harfe. Orientalia 39, 252–263. LAROCHE, E. 1973 Etudes hourrites: notation musicale. Revued’ Assyriologie 67, 124–129. LASSERRE, F. 1988 Musica babilonese e musica greca. In: B. Gentili/R. Prestagostini (eds.), La Musica in Grecia. Rome. 72–83.MAAS, M./SNYDER, J. 1989 Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece. New Haven and London. John Curtis Franklin
MORRIS, S. P. 1992 Daedalus and the Origins of Greek Art. Princeton. NETTL, B. 1985 The Western Impact on World Music: Change, Adaptation, and Survival. New York and London. Nicomachus, Enchiridion and Excerpta. See JAN 1895. PAGE, D. L. 1962 Poetae Melici Graeci. Oxford. PARRY, M. 1987 The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry. A. Parry, ed. Oxford. Pausanias, ed. M. Roch-Pereira. Leipzig, 1973–1981. Philo of Byblos, fragmenta, ed. F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Leiden,1923 ff. 790. Philolaus, fragmenta, ed. H. Diels and W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, sixth edition.Berlin, 1961–1962. Photius, Bibliotheca, ed. R. Henry. Paris, 1959–1977.PICKEN, L. 1975Folk Musical Instruments of Turkey. Oxford. Plato, Respublica, ed. J. Burnett. Oxford, 1900–1907. Plutarch, Moralia, ed. H. Wegehaupt et al. Leipzig, 1959 ff.Ps.-Plutarch, De musica, ed. H. Weil and T. Reinach (eds.), Plutarque, De la musique, Editioncritique et explicative. Paris, 1900. Proclus, In Platonis Timaeum commentarii, ed. E.Diehl. Leipzig, 1903–1906. Ptolemy, ed. I. Düring, Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios. Gothenburg, 1932. Stesichorus, fragmenta. See Page 1962. Strabo, ed. G. Kramer. Berlin, 1844-1852.STRAVINSKY, I. 1947 Poetics of Music. Trans. A. Knodel and I. Dahl. London. Suda Lexicon, ed. A. Adler. Leipzig, 1928–1938.Timotheus, fragmenta. See Page 1962. WATKINS, C. 1995 How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. New York and Oxford.WEST, M. L. 1997 The East Face of Helicon. Oxford. WEST, M. L. 1993/4 The Babylonian Musical Notation and theHurrian Melodic Texts. Music and Letters 75,161–79.WEST, M. L. 1992 Ancient Greek Music. Oxford. WEST, M. L. 1992b Analecta Musica. Zeitschrift für Papyrologieund Epigraphik 92, 1-54. WEST, M. L. 1981 The Singing of Homer. Journal of Hellenic Studies 101, 113–129. WINNINGTON-INGRAM, R. P. 1936 Mode in Ancient Greek Music. Cambridge. WINNINGTON-INGRAM, R. P. 1928 The Spondeian Scale. Classical Quarterly 22,83–91. WULSTAN, D. 1968 The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp. Iraq 30,215–228
http://webcache.googleusercontent.c...y/MusicSync.pdf+Bacchius+Isagoge+musike&hl=en
John Curtis Franklin
''Moreover, the Old Babylonian ‘Retuning Text’(UET 7/74), with its seven tunings arranged in acyclical scheme, seems to predict the Perfect System (...) documented in the Elementa Harmonica of Aristoxenus, Aristotle’s cantankerous colleague and inhouse musicologist.5 Despite a number of generalities about probable Eastern influence on Greek music, we are stilll acking a satisfactory explanation of these parallels.6 A detailed correlation is beyond the scope ofthis paper; I hope rather to clarify the historical background against which a Greco-Mesopotamian musical relationship may be understood, prefatory to a larger study in preparation. Many scholars accept intuitively some connection between the two traditions. It is certain however that the Perfect System was a relatively recentinvention, pioneered in the later fifth century by harmonists like Eratocles whose works are lost, but whose contributions were still clearly recalled by Aristoxenus.7 Any relationship between Greek music and the Mesopotamian system will have been more remote, and such evidence as theremight be should be sought in much earlier sources.The problem here is that, the farther one retreats from the Classical period – itself all too murky –into the Archaic, there is less and less evidence.The material that we do have is badly jumbled and contradictory.Yet one figure who stands out is Terpander, the gleeman of Lesbos who flourished in the early seventh century.8 This four time victor at the Pythian festival was associated with a number of changes in the stringing of the Greek lyre, the most famous of which was to increase its strings from four to seven. [...]''
BIBLIOGRAPHY/WRITTEN SOURCES
Aelian, Varia Historia, ed. R. Hircher. Leipzig 1864–1867. Alcman. See Page 1962 .Alexander Polyhistor. Fragmenta, ed. F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker Leiden, 1923, 273.ALLEN, T. W./HALLIDAY, W. R./SIKES, E. E. 1936 The Homeric Hymns. Oxford.ANDERSON, W.D. 1966 Ethos and Education in Greek Music. Cambridge/Mass.ANDERSON, W. D. 1994 Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece. Ithaca and London. Anonymus Bellermanni. D. Najock (ed.) 1975, Anonyma de musica scripta Bellermanniana. Leipzig. Aristides Quintilianus, De musica libri tres, ed. R.P. Winnington-Ingram. Leipzig, 1963. Aristotle, Metaphysica, ed. W. Jaeger. Oxford,1958.Ps.-Aristotle, Problemata. See Jan 1895.Aristoxenus, Elementa Harmonica, ed. R. Da Rios. Rome 1954. Aristoxenus, fragmenta, ed. F. Wehrli, Die Schuledes Aristoteles, vol. 2 Aristoxenus. Basel, 1967. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistarum libri XV, ed.G. Kaibel, 3 vols. Leipzig, 1867. AUBET, M. 1993 The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade. Cambridge. Bacchylides, ed. B. Snell/H. Maehler. Leipzig, 1970.BARKER, A. 1984–1989 Greek Musical Writings, 2 volumes. Cam-bridge .BARKER, A. 1978 Hoi Kaloumenoi Harmonikoi: The Predeces sors of Aristoxenus. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 24, 1–21.BRAUN, T. F. R. G. 1982 The Greeks in the Near East. In: J. Boardman/N. G. L. Hammond (eds.), The Cam-bridge Ancient History. Volume III Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C. Cambridge. 1–31.BURKERT, W. 1992 The Orientalizing Epoch. Cambridge, Mass. BURKERT, W. 1972 Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism.Trans. E. L. Minar Jr. Cambridge, Mass.CHAILLEY, J. 1968 Nicomaque, Aristote et Terpandre devant latransformation de l’heptacorde grec en octocorde. Yuval 1, 132–154.Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, ed. O. Staehlin.Leipzig, 1905–1909.Cleonides, Isagoge. See Jan 1895. CROCKER, R. L. 1997 Mesopotamian Tonal Systems. Iraq 59, 175–88.CULICAN, W. 1991 Phoenicia and Phoneician colonization. In: J.Boardman et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History. Volume III Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Cen-turies B.C. Cambridge. 162–193. DEUBNER, L. 1930Terpander und die siebensaitige Leier. Philologische Wochenschrift 50, 1566–67. DEUBNER, L. 1929Die viersaitige Leier. Athenische Mitteilungen 54, 194–200.Dio Chrysostomum, ed. Guy de Budé. Leipzig,1916–1919. DUCHESNE-GUILLEMIN, M. 1967 Survivance orientale dans la designation descordes de la lyre en Grèce? Syria 44, 233–246. Euclid, Sectio Canonis. See Jan 1895. Euripides, Rhesus, ed. J. Diggle. Oxford, 1981–1994.FARMER, H. G. 1957 The Music of Ancient Mesopotamia. In:E. Wellesz (ed.), New Oxford History of Mu-sic. Vol. 1: Ancient and Oriental Music. Lon-don. 228–254.GOMBOSI, O. J. 1939 Tonarten und Stimmungen der antiken Music. Copenhagen. GOSTOLI, A. 1990.Terpandro: Introduzione, testimonianze, testocritico, traduzione e commento. Rome. GURNEY, O. R./WEST, M. L. 1998 Mesopotamian Tonal Systems: A Reply. Iraq 60, 223–227. GURNEY, O. R. 1994 Babylonian Music Again. Iraq 56, 101–106.GURNEY, O. R. 1968 An Old Babylonian Treatise of the Tuning ofthe Harp. Iraq 30, 229–33. Heraclides Ponticus, fragments, ed. F. Wehrli, Die Schule des Aristoteles, vol. 7 Aristoxenus. Basel, 1969. Hibeh Papyrus (P. Hibeh 13). See WEST 1992b. Homeric Hymns. See ALLEN/HALLIDAY/SIKES1936. JAN, K. VON 1895 Musici scriptores Graeci: Aristoteles, Euclides,Nicomachus, Bacchius, Gaudentius, Alypius. Leipzig. JANKO, R. 1982 Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns: Diachronic development in epic diction. Cambridge. KILMER, A. D. 1994 See Musik. A. Philologisch. In: Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Berlin and New York. Volume 8,463–82. KILMER, A. D. 1971The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian theory of music. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 115, 131–49. KILMER, A. D. 1965The Strings of Musical Instruments: their Names, Numbers and Significance. Assyrio-logical Studies 16, 261–268. KILMER, A. D. 1960 Two New Lists of Key Numbers for Mathematical Operations. Orientalia 29, 273–308. KÜMMEL, H.M. 1970 Zur Stimmung der babylonischen Harfe. Orientalia 39, 252–263. LAROCHE, E. 1973 Etudes hourrites: notation musicale. Revued’ Assyriologie 67, 124–129. LASSERRE, F. 1988 Musica babilonese e musica greca. In: B. Gentili/R. Prestagostini (eds.), La Musica in Grecia. Rome. 72–83.MAAS, M./SNYDER, J. 1989 Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece. New Haven and London. John Curtis Franklin
MORRIS, S. P. 1992 Daedalus and the Origins of Greek Art. Princeton. NETTL, B. 1985 The Western Impact on World Music: Change, Adaptation, and Survival. New York and London. Nicomachus, Enchiridion and Excerpta. See JAN 1895. PAGE, D. L. 1962 Poetae Melici Graeci. Oxford. PARRY, M. 1987 The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry. A. Parry, ed. Oxford. Pausanias, ed. M. Roch-Pereira. Leipzig, 1973–1981. Philo of Byblos, fragmenta, ed. F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Leiden,1923 ff. 790. Philolaus, fragmenta, ed. H. Diels and W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, sixth edition.Berlin, 1961–1962. Photius, Bibliotheca, ed. R. Henry. Paris, 1959–1977.PICKEN, L. 1975Folk Musical Instruments of Turkey. Oxford. Plato, Respublica, ed. J. Burnett. Oxford, 1900–1907. Plutarch, Moralia, ed. H. Wegehaupt et al. Leipzig, 1959 ff.Ps.-Plutarch, De musica, ed. H. Weil and T. Reinach (eds.), Plutarque, De la musique, Editioncritique et explicative. Paris, 1900. Proclus, In Platonis Timaeum commentarii, ed. E.Diehl. Leipzig, 1903–1906. Ptolemy, ed. I. Düring, Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios. Gothenburg, 1932. Stesichorus, fragmenta. See Page 1962. Strabo, ed. G. Kramer. Berlin, 1844-1852.STRAVINSKY, I. 1947 Poetics of Music. Trans. A. Knodel and I. Dahl. London. Suda Lexicon, ed. A. Adler. Leipzig, 1928–1938.Timotheus, fragmenta. See Page 1962. WATKINS, C. 1995 How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. New York and Oxford.WEST, M. L. 1997 The East Face of Helicon. Oxford. WEST, M. L. 1993/4 The Babylonian Musical Notation and theHurrian Melodic Texts. Music and Letters 75,161–79.WEST, M. L. 1992 Ancient Greek Music. Oxford. WEST, M. L. 1992b Analecta Musica. Zeitschrift für Papyrologieund Epigraphik 92, 1-54. WEST, M. L. 1981 The Singing of Homer. Journal of Hellenic Studies 101, 113–129. WINNINGTON-INGRAM, R. P. 1936 Mode in Ancient Greek Music. Cambridge. WINNINGTON-INGRAM, R. P. 1928 The Spondeian Scale. Classical Quarterly 22,83–91. WULSTAN, D. 1968 The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp. Iraq 30,215–228
http://webcache.googleusercontent.c...y/MusicSync.pdf+Bacchius+Isagoge+musike&hl=en